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- Apr 27, 2017 11:18:51 AM (7 years ago)
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Tutorials/StackingFaults-III/Stacking Faults-III.htm
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div.msochpdefault 1018 {mso-style-name:msochpdefault; 1019 mso-style-unhide:no; 1020 mso-margin-top-alt:auto; 1021 margin-right:0in; 1022 mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; 1023 margin-left:0in; 1024 mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 1025 font-size:10.0pt; 1026 font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; 1027 mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 1028 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;} 1029 span.SpellE 1030 {mso-style-name:""; 1031 mso-spl-e:yes;} 1032 span.GramE 1033 {mso-style-name:""; 1034 mso-gram-e:yes;} 199 1035 .MsoChpDefault 200 {font-size:10.0pt; 201 font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} 1036 {mso-style-type:export-only; 1037 mso-default-props:yes; 1038 font-size:10.0pt; 1039 mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 1040 mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 1041 font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; 1042 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 1043 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 1044 mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;} 202 1045 @page WordSection1 203 1046 {size:8.5in 11.0in; 204 margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;} 1047 margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; 1048 mso-header-margin:.5in; 1049 mso-footer-margin:.5in; 1050 mso-paper-source:0;} 205 1051 div.WordSection1 206 1052 {page:WordSection1;} 207 1053 --> 208 1054 </style> 209 1055 <!--[if gte mso 10]> 1056 <style> 1057 /* Style Definitions */ 1058 table.MsoNormalTable 1059 {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 1060 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 1061 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 1062 mso-style-noshow:yes; 1063 mso-style-priority:99; 1064 mso-style-parent:""; 1065 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 1066 mso-para-margin:0in; 1067 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 1068 mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 1069 font-size:10.0pt; 1070 font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} 1071 </style> 1072 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 1073 <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> 1074 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 1075 <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> 1076 <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> 1077 </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> 210 1078 </head> 211 1079 212 <body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple >1080 <body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'> 213 1081 214 1082 <div class=WordSection1> 215 1083 216 <h1>Stacking Fault Simulations III</h1> 1084 <h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Stacking Fault 1085 Simulations III<o:p></o:p></span></h1> 217 1086 218 1087 <p class=MsoNormal>Here we continue the simulation of kaolinites started in 219 1088 Stacking Faults-II. If you have not done this exercise and finished by saving 220 the project file ( kaolinite.gpx) please do that first as this exercise uses the221 results of that exercise. The data we are trying to simulated is from a less 222 well ordered kaolinite from Washington County, Georgia (Clay Minerals Society 223 Standard KGa-1b) collected with CuKa radiation on a Bruker instrument and thus 224 in the Bruker RAW file format. The KGa-1b sample contains a small amount of 225 anatase(TiO<sub>2</sub>).</p>1089 the project file (<span class=SpellE>kaolinite.gpx</span>) please do that first 1090 as this exercise uses the results of that exercise. The data we are trying to 1091 simulated is from a less well ordered kaolinite from Washington County, Georgia 1092 (Clay Minerals Society Standard KGa-1b) collected with <span class=SpellE>CuKa</span> 1093 radiation on a Bruker instrument and thus in the Bruker RAW file format. The 1094 KGa-1b sample contains a small amount of <span class=SpellE>anatase</span> (TiO<sub>2</sub>).</p> 226 1095 227 1096 <p class=MsoNormal>If you have not done so already, start GSAS-II and open your 228 kaolinite.gpx file.</p> 229 230 <h2>Part 1. Create a new phase</h2> 1097 <span class=SpellE>kaolinite.gpx</span> file.</p> 1098 1099 <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Part 1. Create a 1100 new phase<o:p></o:p></span></h2> 231 1101 232 1102 <p class=MsoNormal>We will need a new faulted phase for the simulation of the … … 238 1108 page will be redrawn and a new tab (Layers) will appear. Select it.</p> 239 1109 240 <p class=MsoNormal><img width=624 height=370 id="Picture 1" 241 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image002.gif"> We need to enter the kaolinite 242 abc* lattice parameters; these can be obtained from the kaolinite.gpx project file. 243 Do <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Operations/Copy phase cell</span></b>; 244 a file selection dialog will appear showing <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite.gpx</span></b>. 1110 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=370 1111 id="_x0000_i1039" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image002.gif"></span> </p> 1112 1113 <p class=MsoNormal>We need to enter the kaolinite <span class=SpellE><span 1114 class=GramE>abc</span></span>* lattice parameters; these can be obtained from 1115 the <span class=SpellE>kaolinite.gpx</span> project file. Do <b><span 1116 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Operations/Copy phase cell</span></b>; 1117 a file selection dialog will appear showing <span class=SpellE><b><span 1118 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite.gpx</span></b></span>. 245 1119 Select it and then select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite 246 abc*</span></b> from the next popup window; the Layers tab will be redrawn with 247 the new lattice parameters.</p> 248 249 <p class=MsoNormal><img width=624 height=365 id="Picture 2" 250 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image004.gif"></p> 1120 <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>abc</span></span>*</span></b> from the 1121 next popup window; the Layers tab will be redrawn with the new lattice 1122 parameters.</p> 1123 1124 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=365 1125 id="_x0000_i1038" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image004.gif"></span></p> 251 1126 252 1127 <p class=MsoNormal>Well add the layers in a moment.</p> 253 1128 254 <h2>Part 2. Import powder data to simulate.</h2> 255 256 <p class=MsoNormal>The powder data from the Ga-1b (kaolinite from Washington 257 Cty., Georgia) is what we are going to simulate; do <b><span style='font-family: 258 "Calibri",sans-serif'>Import/Powder Data/from Bruker RAW file</span></b>. 259 Select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>KGA1-CONT.RAW</span></b>; 260 answer <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Yes</span></b> for 261 question about the file. We will use the internal default instrument 1129 <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Part 2. Import 1130 powder data to simulate.<o:p></o:p></span></h2> 1131 1132 <p class=MsoNormal>The powder data from the Ga-1b (kaolinite from Washington <span 1133 class=SpellE>Cty</span>., Georgia) is what we are going to simulate; do <b><span 1134 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Import/Powder Data/from Bruker RAW 1135 file</span></b>. Select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>KGA1-CONT.RAW</span></b>; 1136 answer <span class=GramE><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Yes</span></b></span> 1137 for question about the file. We will use the internal default instrument 262 1138 parameters; press <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Cancel</span></b> 263 1139 on the file selection dialog and select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Defaults 264 for CuKa lab data</span></b> from the next popup. The next popup asks about the265 phases to be included.</p>266 267 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=320 height=299 id="Picture 3"268 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image006.gif"></p>1140 for <span class=SpellE>CuKa</span> lab data</span></b> from the next popup. The 1141 next popup asks about the phases to be included.</p> 1142 1143 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=320 height=299 1144 id="_x0000_i1037" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image006.gif"></span></p> 269 1145 270 1146 <p class=MsoNormal>Select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Georgia</span></b> 271 1147 which is the faulted phase created in Step 1. The pattern will be displayed.</p> 272 1148 273 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=535 id="Picture 4"274 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image008.gif"></p>1149 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 1150 id="_x0000_i1036" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image008.gif"></span></p> 275 1151 276 1152 <p class=MsoNormal>It covers 2-70° 2Θ and shows some of the obvious … … 293 1169 pattern will show the new limits.</p> 294 1170 295 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=535 id="Picture 5"296 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image010.gif"></p>1171 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 1172 id="_x0000_i1035" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image010.gif"></span></p> 297 1173 298 1174 <p class=MsoNormal>Finally select the <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Georgia</span></b> … … 300 1176 tab; it will be empty.</p> 301 1177 302 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=440 height=192 id="Picture 10"303 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image018.gif"></p>304 305 <p class=MsoNormal>Do <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Edit /Add306 powder histograms</span></b>; a popup will show the available PWDR data sets. Select 307 just <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>PWDR KGA1-CONT.RAW Scan 308 1</span></b> and press <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>OK</span></b>.1178 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=440 height=192 1179 id="_x0000_i1034" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image018.gif"></span></p> 1180 1181 <p class=MsoNormal>Do <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Edit 1182 Phase/Add powder histograms</span></b>; a popup will show the available PWDR 1183 data sets. Select just <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>PWDR 1184 KGA1-CONT.RAW Scan 1</span></b> and press <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>OK</span></b>. 309 1185 The Data tab will be redrawn; currently none of this information is of use in 310 1186 stacking fault simulations.</p> 311 1187 312 <h2>Step 3. Setup layer model for simulation.</h2> 1188 <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Step 3. Setup layer 1189 model for simulation.<o:p></o:p></span></h2> 313 1190 314 1191 <p class=MsoNormal>We now need to fill the layer data with atoms and develop a … … 317 1194 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Layers</span></b> tab.</p> 318 1195 319 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=365 id="Picture 6"320 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image019.gif"></p>1196 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=365 1197 id="_x0000_i1033" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image019.gif"></span></p> 321 1198 322 1199 <p class=MsoNormal>To begin we need a kaolinite layer; you can use <b><span 323 1200 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Import new layer</span></b> as before. 324 Select < b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite.gpx</span></b>325 and pick <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite abc*</span></b>326 from the list of phases; the Layers tab will be redrawn showing the atom list 327 for the layer.</p>328 329 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=377 id="Picture 7"330 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image020.gif"></p>1201 Select <span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite.gpx</span></b></span> 1202 and pick <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite <span 1203 class=SpellE><span class=GramE>abc</span></span>*</span></b> from the list of 1204 phases; the Layers tab will be redrawn showing the atom list for the layer.</p> 1205 1206 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=377 1207 id="_x0000_i1032" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image020.gif"></span></p> 331 1208 332 1209 <p class=MsoNormal>Change the <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Layer … … 336 1213 <p class=MsoNormal>To make a defect structure we need a second layer which will 337 1214 be the same as the first one; select <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Add 338 new layer</span></b>. The Layers tab will be redrawn again. Scroll down (might339 need a slight tug on an edge to get the scroll to show) to findthe new layer.</p>340 341 <p class=MsoNormal> <img width=624 height=377 id="Picture 9"342 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image021.gif"></p>1215 new layer</span></b>. The Layers tab will be redrawn again. Scroll down to find 1216 the new layer.</p> 1217 1218 <p class=MsoNormal> <span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 1219 height=377 id="_x0000_i1031" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image021.gif"></span></p> 343 1220 344 1221 <p class=MsoNormal>Change the <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Layer 345 name</span></b> to something other than Unk; I used <b><span 346 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite B</span></b> (the tab is 347 redrawn). Then change the <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Same 1222 name</span></b> to something other than <span class=SpellE>Unk</span>; I used 1223 <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite B</span></b> (the 1224 tab is redrawn). Then change the <span class=GramE><b><span style='font-family: 1225 "Calibri",sans-serif'>Same</span></b></span><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> 348 1226 as</span></b> to <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>kaolinite A</span></b>; 349 that gives it the same set of atom parameters. Finally change all <b><span 350 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dx=-.368, Dy=-.0246 </span></b>and<b><span 351 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Dz=1.0</span></b>; this will be the 352 same as the triclinic Kaokuk stacking arrangement. Set the kaolinite A-A and 353 B-B probabilities to 1.0 and the cross terms to 0.0 to reproduce the ordered 1227 that gives it the same set of atom parameters. Finally change all <span 1228 class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dx</span></b></span><b><span 1229 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>=-.368, <span class=SpellE>Dy</span>=-.0246 1230 </span></b>and<b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> <span 1231 class=SpellE>Dz</span>=1.0</span></b>; this will be the same as the triclinic <span 1232 class=SpellE>Kaokuk</span> stacking arrangement. Set the kaolinite A-A and B-B 1233 probabilities to 1.0 and the cross terms to 0.0 to reproduce the ordered 354 1234 stacking. </p> 355 1235 356 <h2>Step 4. Simulations of Georgia kaolinite</h2> 1236 <h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Step 4. Simulations 1237 of Georgia kaolinite<o:p></o:p></span></h2> 357 1238 358 1239 <p class=MsoNormal>To do the simulation do <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Operations/Simulate … … 360 1241 for the next two popups. </p> 361 1242 362 <p class=MsoNormal> Artioli, M<img width=624 height=535 id="Picture 11"363 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image022.gif"></p>1243 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 1244 id="_x0000_i1030" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image022.gif"></span></p> 364 1245 365 1246 <p class=MsoNormal>The result should be nearly identical to the one we obtained … … 367 1248 the 20-30° 2Θ region. The intent of having the 2<sup>nd</sup> kaolinite 368 1249 layer is to displace it relative to the first one as a stacking fault. The 369 literature has many such models suggested (e.g. see G. Artioli, et al. Clays 370 & Clay Min., 43, 438-445, 1995); a simple one is to displace the 2<sup>nd</sup> 371 layer by b/3 which places the SiO4 layer in the same alignment with the 372 previous AlO6 layer but with effectively a different orientation than for a pair 373 of Keokuk layers. Compare the Keokuk stacking (I pressed the <b><span 374 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>L</span></b> & <b><span 375 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>F</span></b> keys get labels & 376 fade the 2<sup>nd</sup> layer).</p> 377 378 <p class=MsoNormal><img width=477 height=356 id="Picture 12" 379 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image023.jpg"></p> 380 381 <p class=MsoNormal>With the kaolinite A-B <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dy</span></b>=1/3-0.0246=<b><span 1250 literature has many such models suggested (e.g. see G. <span class=SpellE>Artioli</span>, 1251 et al. Clays & Clay Min., 43, 438-445, 1995); a simple one is to displace 1252 the 2<sup>nd</sup> layer by b/3 which places the SiO<sub>4</sub> layer in the 1253 same alignment with the previous AlO<sub>6</sub> layer but with effectively a 1254 different orientation than for a pair of Keokuk layers. Compare the Keokuk 1255 stacking (I pressed the <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>L</span></b> 1256 & <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>F</span></b> keys get 1257 labels & fade the 2<sup>nd</sup> layer).</p> 1258 1259 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=477 height=356 1260 id="_x0000_i1029" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image023.jpg"></span></p> 1261 1262 <p class=MsoNormal>With the kaolinite A-B <span class=SpellE><b><span 1263 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dy</span></b></span>=1/3-0.0246=<b><span 382 1264 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>0.3087</span></b>.</p> 383 1265 384 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=478 height=358 id="Picture 13"385 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image024.jpg"></p>1266 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=478 height=358 1267 id="_x0000_i1028" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image024.jpg"></span></p> 386 1268 387 1269 <p class=MsoNormal>If you carefully compare these two drawings, you can see 388 1270 that the orientation of the 2<sup>nd</sup> (faded) layer with the 1<sup>st</sup> 389 layer is the virtually same for both but in different directions. You should check 390 that the kaolinite B-A and B-B stacking shows the same relationship (change 391 kaolinite B-A <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dy=0.3087</span></b>). 392 Next, change all the probabilities to <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>0.5</span></b> 1271 layer is the virtually same for both but in different directions. You should 1272 check that the kaolinite B-A and B-B stacking shows the same relationship 1273 (change kaolinite B-A <span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Dy</span></b></span><b><span 1274 style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>=0.3087</span></b>). Next, change all 1275 the probabilities to <b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>0.5</span></b> 393 1276 and rerun the simulation.</p> 394 1277 395 <p class=MsoNormal>O low; evidently this data <img width=624 height=535 396 id="Picture 14" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image025.gif"></p> 1278 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span 1279 style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 id="_x0000_i1027" 1280 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image025.gif"></span></p> 397 1281 398 1282 <p class=MsoNormal>The 20-30° 2Θ region is not well reproduced; the … … 404 1288 simulation. Ive expanded the 20-30° 2Θ region to see the fit.</p> 405 1289 406 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=535 id="Picture 15"407 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image026.gif"></p>1290 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 1291 id="_x0000_i1026" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image026.gif"></span></p> 408 1292 409 1293 <p class=MsoNormal>You can use trial & error adjusting the probabilities to … … 413 1297 simulation.</p> 414 1298 415 <p class=MsoNormal>< img width=624 height=535 id="Picture 16"416 src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image027.gif"></p>417 418 <p class=MsoNormal>The background feature in the 20-30° 2Θ is reasonably 419 well represented with the peaks correctly positioned and with the right 420 intensity. One can create more elaborate models using additional stacking 421 layers; see the paper by G. Artioli noted above for some choices. This 422 completes the stacking fault simulation exercises; save your project file.</p>1299 <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=624 height=535 1300 id="_x0000_i1025" src="Stacking%20Faults-III_files/image027.gif"></span></p> 1301 1302 <p class=MsoNormal>The background feature in the 20-30° 2Θ is reasonably well 1303 represented with the peaks correctly positioned and with the right intensity. 1304 One can create more elaborate models using additional stacking layers; see the 1305 paper by G. <span class=SpellE>Artioli</span> noted above for some choices. 1306 This completes the stacking fault simulation exercises; save your project file.</p> 423 1307 424 1308 </div>
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