source: trunk/help/ParametricFitting.htm @ 1340

Last change on this file since 1340 was 1340, checked in by toby, 9 years ago

complete parametric fitting and tutorial

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383        panose-1:2 11 6 0 4 5 2 2 2 4;
384        mso-font-charset:0;
385        mso-generic-font-family:auto;
386        mso-font-pitch:variable;
387        mso-font-signature:-520090897 1342218751 0 0 447 0;}
388 /* Style Definitions */
389p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
390        {mso-style-unhide:no;
391        mso-style-qformat:yes;
392        mso-style-parent:"";
393        margin:0in;
394        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
395        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
396        font-size:12.0pt;
397        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
398        font-family:Cambria;
399        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
400        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
401        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
402        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
403        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
404        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
405        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
406        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
407        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
408h1
409        {mso-style-priority:9;
410        mso-style-unhide:no;
411        mso-style-qformat:yes;
412        mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
413        mso-style-next:Normal;
414        margin-top:24.0pt;
415        margin-right:0in;
416        margin-bottom:0in;
417        margin-left:0in;
418        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
419        mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
420        page-break-after:avoid;
421        mso-outline-level:1;
422        font-size:16.0pt;
423        font-family:Calibri;
424        mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
425        mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
426        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \30B4\30B7\30C3\30AF";
427        mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
428        mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
429        mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
430        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
431        mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
432        color:#345A8A;
433        mso-themecolor:accent1;
434        mso-themeshade:181;
435        mso-font-kerning:0pt;
436        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
437h2
438        {mso-style-priority:9;
439        mso-style-qformat:yes;
440        mso-style-link:"Heading 2 Char";
441        mso-style-next:Normal;
442        margin-top:10.0pt;
443        margin-right:0in;
444        margin-bottom:0in;
445        margin-left:0in;
446        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
447        mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
448        page-break-after:avoid;
449        mso-outline-level:2;
450        font-size:13.0pt;
451        font-family:Calibri;
452        mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
453        mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
454        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \30B4\30B7\30C3\30AF";
455        mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
456        mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
457        mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
458        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
459        mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
460        color:#4F81BD;
461        mso-themecolor:accent1;
462        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
463a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
464        {mso-style-priority:99;
465        color:blue;
466        mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
467        text-decoration:underline;
468        text-underline:single;}
469a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
470        {mso-style-noshow:yes;
471        mso-style-priority:99;
472        color:purple;
473        mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
474        text-decoration:underline;
475        text-underline:single;}
476p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
477        {mso-style-noshow:yes;
478        mso-style-priority:99;
479        mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
480        margin:0in;
481        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
482        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
483        font-size:9.0pt;
484        font-family:"Lucida Grande";
485        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
486        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
487        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
488p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
489        {mso-style-priority:34;
490        mso-style-unhide:no;
491        mso-style-qformat:yes;
492        margin-top:0in;
493        margin-right:0in;
494        margin-bottom:0in;
495        margin-left:.5in;
496        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
497        mso-add-space:auto;
498        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
499        font-size:12.0pt;
500        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
501        font-family:Cambria;
502        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
503        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
504        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
505        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
506        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
507        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
508        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
509        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
510        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
511p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
512        {mso-style-priority:34;
513        mso-style-unhide:no;
514        mso-style-qformat:yes;
515        mso-style-type:export-only;
516        margin-top:0in;
517        margin-right:0in;
518        margin-bottom:0in;
519        margin-left:.5in;
520        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
521        mso-add-space:auto;
522        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
523        font-size:12.0pt;
524        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
525        font-family:Cambria;
526        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
527        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
528        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
529        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
530        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
531        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
532        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
533        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
534        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
535p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
536        {mso-style-priority:34;
537        mso-style-unhide:no;
538        mso-style-qformat:yes;
539        mso-style-type:export-only;
540        margin-top:0in;
541        margin-right:0in;
542        margin-bottom:0in;
543        margin-left:.5in;
544        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
545        mso-add-space:auto;
546        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
547        font-size:12.0pt;
548        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
549        font-family:Cambria;
550        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
551        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
552        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
553        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
554        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
555        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
556        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
557        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
558        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
559p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
560        {mso-style-priority:34;
561        mso-style-unhide:no;
562        mso-style-qformat:yes;
563        mso-style-type:export-only;
564        margin-top:0in;
565        margin-right:0in;
566        margin-bottom:0in;
567        margin-left:.5in;
568        margin-bottom:.0001pt;
569        mso-add-space:auto;
570        mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
571        font-size:12.0pt;
572        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
573        font-family:Cambria;
574        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
575        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
576        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
577        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
578        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
579        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
580        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
581        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
582        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
583span.Heading1Char
584        {mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
585        mso-style-priority:9;
586        mso-style-unhide:no;
587        mso-style-locked:yes;
588        mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
589        mso-ansi-font-size:16.0pt;
590        mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
591        font-family:Calibri;
592        mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
593        mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
594        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \30B4\30B7\30C3\30AF";
595        mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
596        mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
597        mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
598        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
599        mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
600        color:#345A8A;
601        mso-themecolor:accent1;
602        mso-themeshade:181;
603        font-weight:bold;}
604span.Heading2Char
605        {mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char";
606        mso-style-priority:9;
607        mso-style-unhide:no;
608        mso-style-locked:yes;
609        mso-style-link:"Heading 2";
610        mso-ansi-font-size:13.0pt;
611        mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
612        font-family:Calibri;
613        mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
614        mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
615        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \30B4\30B7\30C3\30AF";
616        mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
617        mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
618        mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
619        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
620        mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
621        color:#4F81BD;
622        mso-themecolor:accent1;
623        font-weight:bold;}
624span.BalloonTextChar
625        {mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
626        mso-style-noshow:yes;
627        mso-style-priority:99;
628        mso-style-unhide:no;
629        mso-style-locked:yes;
630        mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
631        mso-ansi-font-size:9.0pt;
632        mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
633        font-family:"Lucida Grande";
634        mso-ascii-font-family:"Lucida Grande";
635        mso-hansi-font-family:"Lucida Grande";
636        mso-bidi-font-family:"Lucida Grande";}
637span.SpellE
638        {mso-style-name:"";
639        mso-spl-e:yes;}
640span.GramE
641        {mso-style-name:"";
642        mso-gram-e:yes;}
643.MsoChpDefault
644        {mso-style-type:export-only;
645        mso-default-props:yes;
646        font-size:10.0pt;
647        mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
648        mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
649        font-family:Cambria;
650        mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
651        mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
652        mso-fareast-font-family:"\FF2D\FF33 \660E\671D";
653        mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
654        mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
655        mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
656        mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
657        mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
658        mso-fareast-language:JA;}
659@page WordSection1
660        {size:8.5in 11.0in;
661        margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
662        mso-header-margin:.5in;
663        mso-footer-margin:.5in;
664        mso-paper-source:0;}
665div.WordSection1
666        {page:WordSection1;}
667 /* List Definitions */
668@list l0
669        {mso-list-id:109671306;
670        mso-list-type:hybrid;
671        mso-list-template-ids:129770836 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
672@list l0:level1
673        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
674        mso-level-number-position:left;
675        text-indent:-.25in;}
676@list l0:level2
677        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
678        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
679        mso-level-number-position:left;
680        text-indent:-.25in;}
681@list l0:level3
682        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
683        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
684        mso-level-number-position:right;
685        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
686@list l0:level4
687        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
688        mso-level-number-position:left;
689        text-indent:-.25in;}
690@list l0:level5
691        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
692        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
693        mso-level-number-position:left;
694        text-indent:-.25in;}
695@list l0:level6
696        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
697        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
698        mso-level-number-position:right;
699        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
700@list l0:level7
701        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
702        mso-level-number-position:left;
703        text-indent:-.25in;}
704@list l0:level8
705        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
706        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
707        mso-level-number-position:left;
708        text-indent:-.25in;}
709@list l0:level9
710        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
711        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
712        mso-level-number-position:right;
713        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
714@list l1
715        {mso-list-id:235746779;
716        mso-list-type:hybrid;
717        mso-list-template-ids:129770836 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
718@list l1:level1
719        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
720        mso-level-number-position:left;
721        text-indent:-.25in;}
722@list l1:level2
723        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
724        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
725        mso-level-number-position:left;
726        text-indent:-.25in;}
727@list l1:level3
728        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
729        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
730        mso-level-number-position:right;
731        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
732@list l1:level4
733        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
734        mso-level-number-position:left;
735        text-indent:-.25in;}
736@list l1:level5
737        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
738        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
739        mso-level-number-position:left;
740        text-indent:-.25in;}
741@list l1:level6
742        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
743        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
744        mso-level-number-position:right;
745        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
746@list l1:level7
747        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
748        mso-level-number-position:left;
749        text-indent:-.25in;}
750@list l1:level8
751        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
752        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
753        mso-level-number-position:left;
754        text-indent:-.25in;}
755@list l1:level9
756        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
757        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
758        mso-level-number-position:right;
759        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
760@list l2
761        {mso-list-id:584074573;
762        mso-list-type:hybrid;
763        mso-list-template-ids:-926633506 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
764@list l2:level1
765        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
766        mso-level-number-position:left;
767        text-indent:-.25in;}
768@list l2:level2
769        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
770        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
771        mso-level-number-position:left;
772        text-indent:-.25in;}
773@list l2:level3
774        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
775        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
776        mso-level-number-position:right;
777        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
778@list l2:level4
779        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
780        mso-level-number-position:left;
781        text-indent:-.25in;}
782@list l2:level5
783        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
784        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
785        mso-level-number-position:left;
786        text-indent:-.25in;}
787@list l2:level6
788        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
789        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
790        mso-level-number-position:right;
791        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
792@list l2:level7
793        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
794        mso-level-number-position:left;
795        text-indent:-.25in;}
796@list l2:level8
797        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
798        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
799        mso-level-number-position:left;
800        text-indent:-.25in;}
801@list l2:level9
802        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
803        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
804        mso-level-number-position:right;
805        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
806@list l3
807        {mso-list-id:786774986;
808        mso-list-type:hybrid;
809        mso-list-template-ids:-1684491798 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
810@list l3:level1
811        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
812        mso-level-number-position:left;
813        text-indent:-.25in;}
814@list l3:level2
815        {mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
816        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
817        mso-level-number-position:left;
818        text-indent:-.25in;}
819@list l3:level3
820        {mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
821        mso-level-tab-stop:none;
822        mso-level-number-position:right;
823        text-indent:-9.0pt;}
824@list l3:level4
825        {mso-level-tab-stop:none;
826        mso-level-number-position:left;
827        text-indent:-.25in;}
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1024</head>
1025
1026<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>
1027
1028<div class=WordSection1>
1029
1030<h1>Parametric Fitting and Pseudo Variables for Sequential Fits</h1>
1031
1032<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1033
1034<p class=MsoNormal>Once a sequential fit has been performed, any function of
1035the fit parameters from the fit and <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>their
1036estimated uncertainty</i> (<span class=SpellE>s.u</span>.) can be computed by
1037defining one or more Òpseudo-variablesÓ (Pseudo <span class=SpellE>Vars</span>)
1038Note that the covariance matrix from the fit is used to provide appropriate
1039treatment the correlation in parameters with respect to uncertainty
1040estimation.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>In addition, parametric
1041equations in terms of sample parameters such as temperature and pressure, etc. can
1042be fit to either the parameters from the fit or the Pseudo Vars. </p>
1043
1044<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1045
1046<p class=MsoNormal>This tutorial assumes that the steps in the <span
1047style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a href="SequentialTutorial.htm">Sequential
1048refinement of multiple datasets</a> tutorial have already been performed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1049
1050<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1051
1052<h2>Step 1. Open the previous Sequential Fit</h2>
1053
1054<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1055
1056<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;
1057mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1058Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;
1059mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
1060style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]>Start
1061GSAS-II</p>
1062
1063<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;
1064mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1065Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;
1066mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
1067style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b
1068style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click on the File/Open Project</b> menu
1069item to load file named <span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Courier'>SeqTut.gpx</span></span>.
1070</p>
1071
1072<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-bottom:6.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;
1073mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1074Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;
1075mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
1076style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b
1077style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click on the Sequential results </b>item in
1078the data tree. The sequential refinement results data table is displayed, as
1079below. </p>
1080
1081<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-bottom:6.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-language:
1082EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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1108
1109<h2>Step 2. Create a Pseudo <span class=SpellE>Var</span></h2>
1110
1111<p class=MsoNormal>Pseudo <span class=SpellE>Vars</span> allow computation of
1112an arbitrarily defined function of combinations of the variables that are
1113displayed in the sequential refinement table. Any valid Python language
1114expression can be used to define this. While one can plot <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
1115normal'>a</i>, <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>b</i> and <i
1116style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>c</i> axis lengths by clicking on the appropriate
1117column of the table, to compare them one might want to scale them. Alternately,
1118as will be done here, we will plot the ratio of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
1119normal'>b</i> and <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>c</i>.</p>
1120
1121<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1122
1123<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
1124style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1125mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1126style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1127</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click on
1128the Pseudo <span class=SpellE>Vars</span>/Add</b> menu item to create a new
1129Pseudo Var.</p>
1130
1131<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1132
1133<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
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1136 mso-wrap-style:square'>
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1138</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=161 height=48
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1140
1141<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1142
1143<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
1144style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1145mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1146style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1147</span></span></span><![endif]>A window opens to define a formula</p>
1148
1149<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1150
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1159
1160<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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1173src="ParametricFitting_files/image008.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"><![endif]>In
1174this window, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>type a Python expression, Òb/cÓ,</b>
1175but note that the variables <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>c</b> and <b
1176style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b</b> here are arbitrary labels. After
1177entering the formula, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>press the Validate
1178button</b> or wait a few seconds and the validation will be tested
1179automatically. Note that if you pause too long, while typing, an error message
1180may be displayed as the incomplete formula is found to be invalid. If so, make
1181corrections or keep typing until the entire expression is entered. <span
1182style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>The error message will sometimes show
1183where error is encountered, though not in this case. </p>
1184
1185<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1186
1187<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>When the expression is complete, a new
1188table appears where the arbitrary <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>c</b>
1189and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>b</b> labels will be assigned.</p>
1190
1191<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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1201
1202<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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1210 text-align:left;margin-left:37.3pt;margin-top:1143.2pt;width:88.5pt;height:65.5pt;
1211 z-index:251659264;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
1212 mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
1213 mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:right;
1214 mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
1215 mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
1216 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image011.png" o:title=""/>
1217 <w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
1218</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=91 height=68
1219src="ParametricFitting_files/image012.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6"><![endif]>Assign
1220the label for the numerator by <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>clicking
1221on the menu button next to label b</b>; this will bring up a list of variable
1222types, from this <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select Phase</b> to
1223bring up a list of phase variables, from that list <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1224normal'>select variable </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1225style='font-family:Courier'>0<span class=GramE>::</span>b</span>,</b> which is
1226the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>b</i> lattice parameter for phase 0
1227(CuCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). Repeat this process to select <b
1228style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>assign to label c variable </b><b
1229style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>0<span
1230class=GramE>::</span>b</span></b>.</p>
1231
1232<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1233
1234<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1235mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1049"
1236 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:316pt;height:129pt;visibility:visible;
1237 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1238 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image013.png" o:title="" croptop="4597f"
1239  cropbottom="9873f" cropleft="3348f" cropright="3506f"/>
1240</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=318 height=131
1241src="ParametricFitting_files/image014.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8"><![endif]></span></p>
1242
1243<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1244
1245<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>As each variable is set, the window shows
1246the value for each variable from the first refinement and when the expression
1247can be evaluated, the value for the expression, evaluated for that first
1248refinement. Only when the expression can be evaluated can the OK button be
1249pressed. </p>
1250
1251<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1252
1253<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1254mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1048"
1255 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:314pt;height:154pt;visibility:visible;
1256 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1257 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image015.png" o:title="" croptop="3770f"
1258  cropbottom="8549f" cropleft="3371f" cropright="3424f"/>
1259</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=316 height=156
1260src="ParametricFitting_files/image016.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9"><![endif]></span></p>
1261
1262<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1263
1264<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Press
1265OK</b> to close the window and add the Pseudo Var. Note that a new column
1266appears at the end of the sequential refinement data table. </p>
1267
1268<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1269
1270<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1271mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1047"
1272 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:354pt;height:181pt;visibility:visible;
1273 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1274 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image017.png" o:title="" croptop="2743f"
1275  cropbottom="7533f" cropleft="2917f" cropright="3097f"/>
1276</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=356 height=183
1277src="ParametricFitting_files/image018.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10"><![endif]></span></p>
1278
1279<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
1280 o:spid="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
1281 text-align:left;margin-left:42.3pt;margin-top:666.2pt;width:93.5pt;height:39pt;
1282 z-index:251660288;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
1283 mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
1284 mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:right;
1285 mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
1286 mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
1287 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image019.png" o:title=""/>
1288 <w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
1289</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=96 height=41
1290src="ParametricFitting_files/image020.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11"><![endif]>Also
1291note that positioning the mouse above any cell in the table and waiting for a
1292few <span class=GramE>seconds</span> causes the <span class=SpellE>s.u</span>. <span
1293class=GramE>to</span> be shown as a tooltip. </p>
1294
1295<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1296
1297<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Double
1298clicking on the column</b> will cause the pseudo <span class=SpellE>var</span> to
1299be plotted:</p>
1300
1301<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1302
1303<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1304mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1046"
1305 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:352pt;height:303pt;visibility:visible;
1306 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1307 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image021.png" o:title="" croptop="2107f"
1308  cropbottom="4939f" cropleft="3133f" cropright="3309f"/>
1309</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=354 height=305
1310src="ParametricFitting_files/image022.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12"><![endif]></span></p>
1311
1312<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1313
1314<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Press
1315the ÒsÓ key</b> inside the plot to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select
1316Temperature</b> as the x-axis. </p>
1317
1318<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1319
1320<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1321mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1045"
1322 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:163pt;height:156pt;visibility:visible;
1323 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1324 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image023.png" o:title="" croptop="4105f"
1325  cropbottom="8920f" cropleft="6109f" cropright="5911f"/>
1326</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=165 height=158
1327src="ParametricFitting_files/image024.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13"><![endif]></span></p>
1328
1329<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1330
1331<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>The plot will then appear as below:</p>
1332
1333<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1334
1335<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1336mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1044"
1337 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:353pt;height:304pt;visibility:visible;
1338 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1339 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image025.png" o:title="" croptop="1859f"
1340  cropbottom="5066f" cropleft="3024f" cropright="3203f"/>
1341</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=355 height=306
1342src="ParametricFitting_files/image026.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14"><![endif]></span></p>
1343
1344<h2>Step 3: Fitting a simple parametric equation to the unit cell volume</h2>
1345
1346<p class=MsoNormal>In the next few steps we will fit increasingly sophisticated
1347equations of state to different parameters. As a simple example, we can <b
1348style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>double-click on </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1349normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>0<span class=GramE>::</span><span
1350class=SpellE>Vol</span></span></b>, to plot the unit volume for the first phase
1351vs. T, and fit this to a straight line. <span
1352style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1353
1354<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1355
1356<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1357mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1043"
1358 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:356pt;height:305pt;visibility:visible;
1359 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1360 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image027.png" o:title="" croptop="2107f"
1361  cropbottom="4567f" cropleft="3024f" cropright="2769f"/>
1362</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=358 height=307
1363src="ParametricFitting_files/image028.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15"><![endif]></span></p>
1364
1365<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1366style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1367mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1368style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1369</span></span></span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
1370 o:spid="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
1371 text-align:left;margin-left:21.8pt;margin-top:891.2pt;width:73pt;height:53pt;
1372 z-index:251661312;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
1373 mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
1374 mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
1375 mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:right;
1376 mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
1377 mso-position-vertical-relative:margin;mso-width-percent:0;
1378 mso-height-percent:0;mso-width-relative:margin;mso-height-relative:margin'>
1379 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image029.png" o:title=""/>
1380 <w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
1381</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=75 height=55
1382src="ParametricFitting_files/image030.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16"><![endif]><b
1383style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click on the Parametric Fit/Add</b> <b
1384style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>equation</b> menu item, which opens a
1385window similar to what was used before to create a Pseudo <span class=SpellE>var</span>,
1386except that here an equation is defined. <span
1387style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1388
1389<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1390
1391<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1392mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1042"
1393 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:311pt;height:152pt;visibility:visible;
1394 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1395 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image031.png" o:title="" croptop="4213f"
1396  cropbottom="8982f" cropleft="3490f" cropright="3653f"/>
1397</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=313 height=154
1398src="ParametricFitting_files/image032.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17"><![endif]></span></p>
1399
1400<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1401
1402<p class=MsoNormal>We will want to fit the unit cell volume to an equation of
1403form <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>y = <span class=SpellE>mx+b</span></i>,
1404where y will be the volume and x temperature and m and b will be best fit. </p>
1405
1406<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></b></p>
1407
1408<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><b
1409style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;
1410mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1411minor-latin'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1412</span></span></span></b><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click
1413the menu button</b> to select a dependent variable for ÒyÓ. From the phase list,
1414select the unit cell volume for the CuCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase, <b
1415style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>click on </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1416normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>0<span class=GramE>::</span><span
1417class=SpellE>Vol</span></span></b> and then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1418normal'>press OK.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
1419
1420<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1421
1422<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1423mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1041"
1424 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:314pt;height:132pt;visibility:visible;
1425 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1426 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image033.png" o:title="" croptop="3830f"
1427  cropbottom="9359f" cropleft="3705f" cropright="3502f"/>
1428</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=316 height=134
1429src="ParametricFitting_files/image034.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19"><![endif]></span></p>
1430
1431<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1432mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1040"
1433 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:311pt;height:155pt;visibility:visible;
1434 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1435 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image035.png" o:title="" croptop="3548f"
1436  cropbottom="8549f" cropleft="3611f" cropright="3665f"/>
1437</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=313 height=157
1438src="ParametricFitting_files/image036.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20"><![endif]></span></p>
1439
1440<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1441
1442<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1443style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1444mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1445style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1446</span></span></span><![endif]>Now we <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>enter
1447the equation</b> using Python syntax, which is simply Ò<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1448normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>m*x + b</span></b>Ó, note that the
1449use of spaces and the choice of labels is arbitrary. If one were to accidentally
1450leave out the Ò<span style='font-family:Courier'>*</span>Ó and typed Ò<span
1451style='font-family:Courier'>mx</span>Ó then that would be considered a label,
1452if Ò<span style='font-family:Courier'>m x</span>Ó were typed, an error message
1453would be displayed. </p>
1454
1455<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1456
1457<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1458mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1039"
1459 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:316pt;height:155pt;visibility:visible;
1460 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1461 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image037.png" o:title="" croptop="3326f"
1462  cropbottom="8766f" cropleft="3010f" cropright="3419f"/>
1463</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=318 height=157
1464src="ParametricFitting_files/image038.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21"><![endif]></span></p>
1465
1466<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1467
1468<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>Then press Validate or wait a few seconds
1469and a window changes, as above, allowing assignment of the three new labels (m,
1470x, and b). </p>
1471
1472<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1473
1474<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1475style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1476mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1477style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1478</span></span></span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22"
1479 o:spid="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
1480 text-align:left;margin-left:43.8pt;margin-top:603.2pt;width:95pt;height:35pt;
1481 z-index:251662336;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
1482 mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
1483 mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:right;
1484 mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
1485 mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
1486 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image039.png" o:title=""/>
1487 <w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
1488</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=97 height=37
1489src="ParametricFitting_files/image040.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22"><![endif]>Assign
1490b and m as refinable parameters: <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click
1491on the menu button</b> next to b and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select
1492Free</b>. Then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>repeat this for m</b>. </p>
1493
1494<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1495mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1038"
1496 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:314pt;height:153pt;visibility:visible;
1497 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1498 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image041.png" o:title="" croptop="3992f"
1499  cropbottom="8541f" cropleft="3250f" cropright="3415f"/>
1500</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=316 height=155
1501src="ParametricFitting_files/image042.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23"><![endif]></span></p>
1502
1503<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1504
1505<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>It is not necessary to change the default
1506variable names, the initial values, or the refine flag. </p>
1507
1508<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1509
1510<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1511style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1512mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1513style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1514</span></span></span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_24"
1515 o:spid="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
1516 text-align:left;margin-left:24.3pt;margin-top:837.2pt;width:75.5pt;height:26pt;
1517 z-index:251663360;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
1518 mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
1519 mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:right;
1520 mso-position-horizontal-relative:margin;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
1521 mso-position-vertical-relative:margin'>
1522 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image043.png" o:title=""/>
1523 <w:wrap type="square" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
1524</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=78 height=28
1525src="ParametricFitting_files/image044.png" align=right hspace=9 v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24"><![endif]>To
1526set x as the temperature, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>click on the
1527menu button</b> next to x, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select
1528Global,</b> and then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select Temperature</b>
1529from the list and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>click on OK</b>.</p>
1530
1531<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1532
1533<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span
1534style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1535mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1037"
1536 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:245pt;height:109pt;visibility:visible;
1537 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1538 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image045.png" o:title="" croptop="5483f"
1539  cropbottom="10984f" cropleft="4191f" cropright="4159f"/>
1540</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=247 height=111
1541src="ParametricFitting_files/image046.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_25"><![endif]></span></p>
1542
1543<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1544
1545<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>The window then changes, showing the values
1546of the dependent variable and the expression for the first refinement, as below.<span
1547style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Optionally, the values for m and b could
1548be changed manually and the displayed value will be updated when Validate is
1549pressed or after a short delay.</p>
1550
1551<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1552
1553<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1554mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_26" o:spid="_x0000_i1036"
1555 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:314pt;height:153pt;visibility:visible;
1556 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1557 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image047.png" o:title="" croptop="3992f"
1558  cropbottom="8541f" cropleft="3490f" cropright="3294f"/>
1559</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=316 height=155
1560src="ParametricFitting_files/image048.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_26"><![endif]></span></p>
1561
1562<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1563
1564<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1565style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1566mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1567style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1568</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Press the
1569OK button</b> to save this parametric fit. The b and m values are then refined
1570and the console shows the results:</p>
1571
1572<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:
1573auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'>Fit Results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1574
1575<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:
1576auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
1577style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class=GramE>::</span>m<span
1578style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>= -0.4476(5)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1579
1580<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:
1581auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
1582style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class=GramE>::</span>b<span
1583style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>= 577.73(8)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1584
1585<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space:
1586auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1587
1588<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1589mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_i1035"
1590 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:350pt;height:302pt;visibility:visible;
1591 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1592 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image049.png" o:title="" croptop="2231f"
1593  cropbottom="5061f" cropleft="3133f" cropright="3524f"/>
1594</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=352 height=304
1595src="ParametricFitting_files/image050.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_27"><![endif]></span></p>
1596
1597<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1598
1599<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>Also, a plot shows the actual values and
1600the fit. Note that while the values are close to a straight line, the deviations
1601are huge compared to the estimated uncertainty values for the unit cell volume
1602(shown as very small error bars, unless the plot is magnified). <span
1603style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>If a linear relationship had been defined
1604as a constraint (as can be done with other software packages) the unit cell
1605parameters would have been forced onto this line with no obvious indication
1606that this was not a correct result. </p>
1607
1608<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1609
1610<h2>Step 4: Examples of more complex fitting equations</h2>
1611
1612<p class=MsoNormal>Here we will look at how more sophisticated Python capabilities
1613can be used to fit more complex behavior. <span
1614style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1615
1616<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1617style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1618mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1619style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1620</span></span></span><![endif]>Optionally <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Double-click
1621on the </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1622Courier'>0<span class=GramE>::</span>c</span> column</b>. Note the changes in
1623the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>c</i> unit cell parameter as a
1624function of temperature, as shown below. </p>
1625
1626<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1627
1628<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1629mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1034"
1630 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:350pt;height:303pt;visibility:visible;
1631 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1632 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image051.png" o:title="" croptop="658f"
1633  cropbottom="2861f" cropleft="1709f" cropright="1878f"/>
1634</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=352 height=305
1635src="ParametricFitting_files/image052.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_28"><![endif]></span></p>
1636
1637<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1638
1639<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1640style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1641mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1642style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1643</span></span></span><![endif]>We will now fit <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
1644normal'>c</i> as a function of form 1/(1 + <span class=SpellE><span
1645class=GramE>exp</span></span><span class=GramE>[</span>k(t-t<sub>0</sub>)]). <b
1646style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Click on the Parametric Fit/Add</b> <b
1647style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>equation</b> menu item (as before). For the
1648dependent variable, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>click on Phase</b>
1649and then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1650normal'><span style='font-family:Courier'>0<span class=GramE>::</span>c</span></b>.
1651<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1652
1653<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1654
1655<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1656style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1657mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1658style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1659</span></span></span><![endif]>We then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>enter
1660expression</b></p>
1661
1662<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1663
1664<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:.5in'><span class=GramE><span
1665style='font-family:Courier'>b</span></span><span style='font-family:Courier'> +
1666c / (1+math.exp(k*(t-t0)))<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1667
1668<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1669
1670<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast>Note that use of spaces here are arbitrary,
1671but all parentheses are required. Also note that the exponential function [<span
1672class=SpellE><span class=GramE>exp</span></span><span class=GramE>(</span>x) or
1673e<sup>x</sup>] is supplied in Python in the math and <span class=SpellE>numpy</span>
1674modules as <span class=SpellE>math.exp</span>(), <span class=SpellE>numpy.exp</span>().
1675Both of these can be used as well as the convenience abbreviation of <span
1676class=SpellE><span class=GramE>np.exp</span></span><span class=GramE>(</span>).
1677Further, there are also a small number of common functions that are defined
1678without the prefix for convenience [these include pi, <span class=SpellE><span
1679class=GramE>exp</span></span><span class=GramE>(</span>), <span class=SpellE>sqrt</span>(),
1680<span class=SpellE>sind</span>(), <span class=SpellE>cosd</span>(), <span
1681class=SpellE>tand</span>() where d indicates an argument in degrees.]<o:p></o:p></p>
1682
1683<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1684
1685<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1686style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1687mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1688style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1689</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Assign
1690free variables to b, c, k and t0</b>, similar as to what was done before. Note
1691that the<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>variable name for the <span
1692style='font-family:Courier'>b</span> label was set automatically to <span
1693style='font-family:Courier'>b_1</span>. If the same variable name (<span
1694style='font-family:Courier'>b</span>) <span class=GramE>was</span> used again
1695here, the same value would be used to fit both equations, which is certainly
1696not what we want here. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Finally,
1697since this equation is too complex to fit without some reasonable starting
1698values, specify an approximate value for the vicinity of where <i
1699style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>c</i> starts to change, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1700normal'>enter 120 for </b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1701style='font-family:Courier'>t0</span>.</b></p>
1702
1703<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1704
1705<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1706mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_40" o:spid="_x0000_i1033"
1707 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:317pt;height:171pt;visibility:visible;
1708 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1709 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image053.png" o:title="" croptop="3272f"
1710  cropbottom="7856f" cropleft="3218f" cropright="3436f"/>
1711</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=319 height=173
1712src="ParametricFitting_files/image054.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_40"><![endif]></span></p>
1713
1714<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1715
1716<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1717style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1718mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1719style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1720</span></span></span><![endif]>Optionally, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>press
1721the Fit button</b> to see if the equation can be refined with starting values
1722of zero for the other three parameters.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;
1723</span>A fit is obtained and is plotted. </p>
1724
1725<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1726
1727<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span
1728style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1729mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1032"
1730 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:317pt;height:169pt;visibility:visible;
1731 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1732 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image055.png" o:title="" croptop="3477f"
1733  cropbottom="8265f" cropleft="3218f" cropright="3436f"/>
1734</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=319 height=171
1735src="ParametricFitting_files/image056.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_41"><![endif]></span></p>
1736
1737<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1738
1739<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1740style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1741mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1742style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1743</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Press OK</b>
1744to add this equation to the parametric fits and both equations are refit (and
1745if the label for b had not been changed, applying the constraint that b must be
1746the same for both equations.) </p>
1747
1748<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1749
1750<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1751mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_32" o:spid="_x0000_i1031"
1752 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:353pt;height:301pt;visibility:visible;
1753 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1754 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image057.png" o:title="" croptop="2602f"
1755  cropbottom="4943f" cropleft="3024f" cropright="3097f"/>
1756</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=355 height=303
1757src="ParametricFitting_files/image058.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_32"><![endif]></span></p>
1758
1759<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1760
1761<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
1762style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1763mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1764style='mso-list:Ignore'>7.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1765</span></span></span><![endif]>We will now try a more complex equation for the
1766same data, where we set the value to <span style='font-family:Courier'>b</span>
1767for temperatures less than <span style='font-family:Courier'>t0</span> and a critical
1768phenomenon formulism [(t-t<sub>0</sub>)<sup>-a</sup>] for temperatures above <span
1769style='font-family:Courier'>t0</span>. To do this we use the Python syntax Ò<span
1770style='font-family:Courier'>x1 if <span class=SpellE>testexp</span> else x2</span>Ó
1771which is <span style='font-family:Courier'>x1</span> where the test expression (<span
1772class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Courier'>testexp</span></span> here) is <span
1773style='font-family:Courier'>True</span> and <span style='font-family:Courier'>x2</span>
1774elsewhere. Thus we can use an expression such as:</p>
1775
1776<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span
1777style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1778
1779<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:
1780auto'><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:Courier'>b</span></span><span
1781style='font-family:Courier'> if t &lt;= t0 else b + c * (1-(t-t0)**d)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1782
1783<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:
1784auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1785
1786<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>This may be easier to read with the
1787inclusion of extra parentheses (that have no effect on the execution):</p>
1788
1789<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1790
1791<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:
1792auto'><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:Courier'>b</span></span><span
1793style='font-family:Courier'> if (t &lt;= t0) else (b + c * (1-(t-t0)**d))<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1794
1795<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:
1796auto'><span style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1797
1798<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>As before, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1799normal'>add an equation </b>(or edit an existing one), <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1800normal'>set the dependent variable</b> to <span style='font-family:Courier'>0<span
1801class=GramE>::</span>c</span>, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>enter the
1802expression</b> and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>assign the free and
1803fixed variables</b>, as before. <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Set the
1804exponent and the t0</b> values to initial values of -0.025 and 120, respectively,
1805and turn off their refinement flags. Then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>press
1806Fit.</b></p>
1807
1808<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1809mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1810
1811<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1812mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_42" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
1813 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:316pt;height:169pt;visibility:visible;
1814 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1815 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image059.png" o:title="" croptop="3691f"
1816  cropbottom="7919f" cropleft="2889f" cropright="3536f"/>
1817</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=318 height=171
1818src="ParametricFitting_files/image060.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_42"><![endif]></span></p>
1819
1820<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1821
1822<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>Then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>turn
1823refinement of t0 back on</b> and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>press
1824OK</b>. The resulting fit shows the trends quite well: </p>
1825
1826<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1827
1828<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1829mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_35" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
1830 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:351pt;height:302pt;visibility:visible;
1831 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1832 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image061.png" o:title="" croptop="2354f"
1833  cropbottom="4937f" cropleft="3349f" cropright="3198f"/>
1834</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=353 height=304
1835src="ParametricFitting_files/image062.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_35"><![endif]></span></p>
1836
1837<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1838
1839<h2>Step 5: Fitting to a Pseudo <span class=SpellE>Var</span></h2>
1840
1841<p class=MsoNormal>One can fit a function to a pseudo <span class=SpellE>var</span>,
1842just as to a direct variable. If we look at the plot shown in Step 2, it
1843appears there are two regions. We can treat the lower range as a power-law
1844growth, <span class=SpellE>T<sup>k</sup></span>, and the upper region as linear
1845(m*T + b). </p>
1846
1847<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1848
1849<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
1850style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1851mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1852style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1853</span></span></span><![endif]>As before, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>add
1854an equation </b>(or edit an existing one). For the dependent variable, <b
1855style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select Global</b> to bring up that
1856selection of variables and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>select b/c </b>and
1857<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>press OK. </b></p>
1858
1859<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1860
1861<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
1862style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1863mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1864style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1865</span></span></span><![endif]>Then <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>enter
1866the equation</b> as </p>
1867
1868<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1869
1870<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:
1871auto'><span style='font-family:Courier;mso-bidi-font-family:"Lucida Grande";
1872color:black'>(<span class=GramE>o1</span> + (a1*T)**k) if T &lt; 120 else (o2 +
1873a2*T</span><span style='font-family:Courier'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1874
1875<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1876
1877<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
1878style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1879mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1880style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1881</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Assign
1882the free and fixed variables</b>, as shown below. Note that the exponent (k) and
1883scaling factor (a1<span class=GramE>),</span> cannot start as zero<b
1884style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>. </b></p>
1885
1886<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1887
1888<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
1889mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
1890 type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:332pt;height:186pt;visibility:visible;
1891 mso-wrap-style:square'>
1892 <v:imagedata src="ParametricFitting_files/image063.png" o:title="" croptop="3190f"
1893  cropbottom="8105f" cropleft="3416f" cropright="3246f"/>
1894</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=334 height=188
1895src="ParametricFitting_files/image064.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_44"><![endif]></span></p>
1896
1897<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1898
1899<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
1900style='mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1901mso-bidi-font-family:Cambria;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
1902style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1903</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Press the
1904Fit button</b> and note that all the free variables are adjusted </p>
1905
1906<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1907
1908<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
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1911 mso-wrap-style:square'>
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1913  cropbottom="7542f" cropleft="3074f" cropright="3244f"/>
1914</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=336 height=191
1915src="ParametricFitting_files/image066.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_45"><![endif]></span><span
1916style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p>
1917
1918<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1919
1920<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle>Also, that the plotted result is close to the
1921values from the refinement.</p>
1922
1923<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1924
1925<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
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1930  cropbottom="5061f" cropleft="3350f" cropright="3415f"/>
1931</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=351 height=304
1932src="ParametricFitting_files/image068.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_48"><![endif]></span></p>
1933
1934<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1935
1936<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1937
1938<p class=MsoNormal>This completes this tutorial on use of Pseudo <span
1939class=SpellE>Vars</span> and parametric fitting. </p>
1940
1941<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1942
1943<h2>Use of externally defined routines</h2>
1944
1945<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
1946
1947<p class=MsoNormal>The parametric refinement section of GSAS-II is intended to
1948be quite flexible, but for very complex fitting, a user may wish to define a
1949custom Python function. This can be done in a separate module that defines a Python
1950function that can be called here. As an example of that, if we create a file
1951called fittest.py that is in any directory in the Python path (for example in
1952the GSAS-II source directory) and place a routine <span class=SpellE><span
1953style='font-family:Courier'>fitfxn</span></span> in that module:</p>
1954
1955<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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2003" filled="f" strokecolor="#4f81bd">
2004  <v:textbox>
2005   <![if !mso]>
2006   <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
2007    <tr>
2008     <td><![endif]>
2009     <div>
2010     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'># <span class=GramE>file</span>
2011     fittest.py<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2012     <p class=MsoNormal><span class=SpellE><span class=GramE><span
2013     style='font-family:Courier'>def</span></span></span><span
2014     style='font-family:Courier'> <span class=SpellE>fitfxn</span>(T,o1,o2,a1,a2,k):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2015     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
2016     style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class=GramE>if</span>
2017     T &lt; 120:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2018     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
2019     style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2020     </span><span class=GramE>return</span> o1 + (a1*T)**k<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2021     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
2022     style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class=GramE>else</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2023     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'><span
2024     style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2025     </span><span class=GramE>return</span> o2 + a2*T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
2026     <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Courier'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
2027     </div>
2028     <![if !mso]></td>
2029    </tr>
2030   </table>
2031   <![endif]></v:textbox>
2032  <w:wrap type="topAndBottom" anchorx="margin" anchory="margin"/>
2033 </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'>
2034 <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left>
2035  <tr>
2036   <td width=136 height=0></td>
2037  </tr>
2038  <tr>
2039   <td></td>
2040   <td><img width=221 height=85 src="ParametricFitting_files/image069.png"
2041   alt="Text Box: # file fittest.py&#13;def fitfxn(T,o1,o2,a1,a2,k):&#13;    if T &lt; 120:&#13;        return o1 + (a1*T)**k&#13;    else:&#13;        return o2 + a2*T&#13;&#13;"
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2043  </tr>
2044 </table>
2045 </span><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br
2046style='mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=ALL>
2047</p>
2048
2049<p class=MsoNormal>The function <span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:
2050Courier'>fittest.fitfxn</span></span> can then be used to duplicate the
2051previous example: </p>
2052
2053<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
2054
2055<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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2057 height:185pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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2059  cropbottom="7847f" cropleft="3471f" cropright="3290f"/>
2060</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=317 height=187
2061src="ParametricFitting_files/image071.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_47"><![endif]></span></p>
2062
2063</div>
2064
2065</body>
2066
2067</html>
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