Context Navigation

source: Tutorials/SimpleMagnetic/SimpleMagnetic.htm @ 3552

Last change on this file since 3552 was 3552, checked in by toby, 5 years ago
start adding video tutorials
Property svn:mime-type set to `text/html`
File size: 209.2 KB

Line
1	<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"
2	xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
3	xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"
4	xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml"
5	xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
6
7	<head>
8	<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
9	<meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>
10	<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15">
11	<meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 15">
12	<link rel=File-List href="SimpleMagnetic_files/filelist.xml">
13	<link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="SimpleMagnetic_files/editdata.mso">
14	<!--[if !mso]>
15	<style>
16	v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
17	o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
18	w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
19	.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
20	</style>
21	<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
22	<o:DocumentProperties>
23	<o:Author>Von Dreele</o:Author>
24	<o:LastAuthor>vondreele</o:LastAuthor>
25	<o:Revision>18</o:Revision>
26	<o:TotalTime>6202</o:TotalTime>
27	<o:Created>2017-08-09T17:16:00Z</o:Created>
28	<o:LastSaved>2018-07-18T19:51:00Z</o:LastSaved>
29	<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
30	<o:Words>5837</o:Words>
31	<o:Characters>33274</o:Characters>
32	<o:Company>Argonne National Laboratory</o:Company>
33	<o:Lines>277</o:Lines>
34	<o:Paragraphs>78</o:Paragraphs>
35	<o:CharactersWithSpaces>39033</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
36	<o:Version>16.00</o:Version>
37	</o:DocumentProperties>
38	<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
39	<o:AllowPNG/>
40	</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
41	</xml><![endif]-->
42	<link rel=themeData href="SimpleMagnetic_files/themedata.thmx">
43	<link rel=colorSchemeMapping href="SimpleMagnetic_files/colorschememapping.xml">
44	<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
45	<w:WordDocument>
46	<w:Zoom>132</w:Zoom>
47	<w:SpellingState>Clean</w:SpellingState>
48	<w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState>
49	<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
50	<w:TrackFormatting/>
51	<w:PunctuationKerning/>
52	<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
53	<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
54	<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
55	<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
56	<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
57	<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
58	<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
59	<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
60	<w:Compatibility>
61	<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
62	<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
63	<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
64	<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
65	<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
66	<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
67	<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
68	<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
69	<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
70	<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
71	<w:CachedColBalance/>
72	<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
73	<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
74	<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
75	</w:Compatibility>
76	<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
77	<m:mathPr>
78	<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
79	<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
80	<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
81	<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
82	<m:dispDef/>
83	<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
84	<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
85	<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
86	<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
87	<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
88	<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
89	</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
90	</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
91	<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
92	DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
93	LatentStyleCount="371">
94	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
95	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
96	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
97	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
98	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
99	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
100	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
101	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
102	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
103	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
104	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
105	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
106	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
107	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
108	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
109	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
110	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
111	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
112	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
113	Name="index 1"/>
114	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
115	Name="index 2"/>
116	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
117	Name="index 3"/>
118	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
119	Name="index 4"/>
120	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
121	Name="index 5"/>
122	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
123	Name="index 6"/>
124	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
125	Name="index 7"/>
126	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
127	Name="index 8"/>
128	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
129	Name="index 9"/>
130	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
131	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
132	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
133	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
134	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
135	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
136	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
137	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
138	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
139	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
140	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
141	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
142	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
143	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
144	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
145	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
146	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
147	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
148	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
149	Name="Normal Indent"/>
150	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
151	Name="footnote text"/>
152	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
153	Name="annotation text"/>
154	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
155	Name="header"/>
156	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
157	Name="footer"/>
158	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
159	Name="index heading"/>
160	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
161	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
162	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
163	Name="table of figures"/>
164	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
165	Name="envelope address"/>
166	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
167	Name="envelope return"/>
168	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
169	Name="footnote reference"/>
170	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
171	Name="annotation reference"/>
172	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
173	Name="line number"/>
174	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
175	Name="page number"/>
176	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
177	Name="endnote reference"/>
178	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
179	Name="endnote text"/>
180	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
181	Name="table of authorities"/>
182	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
183	Name="macro"/>
184	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
185	Name="toa heading"/>
186	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
187	Name="List"/>
188	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
189	Name="List Bullet"/>
190	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
191	Name="List Number"/>
192	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
193	Name="List 2"/>
194	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
195	Name="List 3"/>
196	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
197	Name="List 4"/>
198	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
199	Name="List 5"/>
200	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
201	Name="List Bullet 2"/>
202	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
203	Name="List Bullet 3"/>
204	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
205	Name="List Bullet 4"/>
206	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
207	Name="List Bullet 5"/>
208	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
209	Name="List Number 2"/>
210	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
211	Name="List Number 3"/>
212	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
213	Name="List Number 4"/>
214	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
215	Name="List Number 5"/>
216	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
217	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
218	Name="Closing"/>
219	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
220	Name="Signature"/>
221	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
222	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
223	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
224	Name="Body Text"/>
225	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
226	Name="Body Text Indent"/>
227	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
228	Name="List Continue"/>
229	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
230	Name="List Continue 2"/>
231	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
232	Name="List Continue 3"/>
233	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
234	Name="List Continue 4"/>
235	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
236	Name="List Continue 5"/>
237	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
238	Name="Message Header"/>
239	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
240	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
241	Name="Salutation"/>
242	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
243	Name="Date"/>
244	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
245	Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
246	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
247	Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
248	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
249	Name="Note Heading"/>
250	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
251	Name="Body Text 2"/>
252	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
253	Name="Body Text 3"/>
254	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
255	Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
256	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
257	Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
258	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
259	Name="Block Text"/>
260	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
261	Name="Hyperlink"/>
262	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
263	Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
264	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
265	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
266	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
267	Name="Document Map"/>
268	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
269	Name="Plain Text"/>
270	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
271	Name="E-mail Signature"/>
272	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
273	Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
274	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
275	Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
276	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
277	Name="Normal (Web)"/>
278	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
279	Name="HTML Acronym"/>
280	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
281	Name="HTML Address"/>
282	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
283	Name="HTML Cite"/>
284	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
285	Name="HTML Code"/>
286	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
287	Name="HTML Definition"/>
288	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
289	Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
290	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
291	Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
292	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
293	Name="HTML Sample"/>
294	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
295	Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
296	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
297	Name="HTML Variable"/>
298	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
299	Name="Normal Table"/>
300	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
301	Name="annotation subject"/>
302	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
303	Name="No List"/>
304	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
305	Name="Outline List 1"/>
306	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
307	Name="Outline List 2"/>
308	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
309	Name="Outline List 3"/>
310	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
311	Name="Table Simple 1"/>
312	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
313	Name="Table Simple 2"/>
314	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
315	Name="Table Simple 3"/>
316	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
317	Name="Table Classic 1"/>
318	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
319	Name="Table Classic 2"/>
320	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
321	Name="Table Classic 3"/>
322	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
323	Name="Table Classic 4"/>
324	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
325	Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
326	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
327	Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
328	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
329	Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
330	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
331	Name="Table Columns 1"/>
332	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
333	Name="Table Columns 2"/>
334	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
335	Name="Table Columns 3"/>
336	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
337	Name="Table Columns 4"/>
338	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
339	Name="Table Columns 5"/>
340	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
341	Name="Table Grid 1"/>
342	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
343	Name="Table Grid 2"/>
344	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
345	Name="Table Grid 3"/>
346	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
347	Name="Table Grid 4"/>
348	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
349	Name="Table Grid 5"/>
350	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
351	Name="Table Grid 6"/>
352	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
353	Name="Table Grid 7"/>
354	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
355	Name="Table Grid 8"/>
356	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
357	Name="Table List 1"/>
358	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
359	Name="Table List 2"/>
360	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
361	Name="Table List 3"/>
362	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
363	Name="Table List 4"/>
364	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
365	Name="Table List 5"/>
366	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
367	Name="Table List 6"/>
368	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
369	Name="Table List 7"/>
370	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
371	Name="Table List 8"/>
372	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
373	Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
374	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
375	Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
376	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
377	Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
378	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
379	Name="Table Contemporary"/>
380	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
381	Name="Table Elegant"/>
382	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
383	Name="Table Professional"/>
384	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
385	Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
386	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
387	Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
388	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
389	Name="Table Web 1"/>
390	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
391	Name="Table Web 2"/>
392	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
393	Name="Table Web 3"/>
394	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
395	Name="Balloon Text"/>
396	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" Name="Table Grid"/>
397	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
398	Name="Table Theme"/>
399	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
400	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
401	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
402	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
403	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
404	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
405	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
406	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
407	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
408	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
409	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
410	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
411	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
412	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
413	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
414	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
415	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
416	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
417	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
418	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
419	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
420	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
421	<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
422	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
423	Name="List Paragraph"/>
424	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
425	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
426	Name="Intense Quote"/>
427	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
428	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
429	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
430	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
431	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
432	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
433	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
434	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
435	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
436	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
437	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
438	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
439	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
440	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
441	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
442	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
443	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
444	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
445	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
446	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
447	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
448	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
449	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
450	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
451	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
452	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
453	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
454	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
455	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
456	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
457	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
458	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
459	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
460	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
461	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
462	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
463	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
464	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
465	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
466	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
467	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
468	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
469	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
470	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
471	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
472	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
473	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
474	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
475	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
476	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
477	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
478	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
479	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
480	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
481	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
482	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
483	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
484	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
485	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
486	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
487	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
488	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
489	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
490	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
491	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
492	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
493	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
494	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
495	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
496	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
497	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
498	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
499	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
500	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
501	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
502	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
503	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
504	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
505	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
506	Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
507	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
508	Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
509	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
510	Name="Subtle Reference"/>
511	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
512	Name="Intense Reference"/>
513	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
514	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
515	UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
516	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
517	UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
518	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
519	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
520	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
521	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
522	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
523	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
524	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
525	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
526	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
527	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
528	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
529	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
530	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
531	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
532	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
533	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
534	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
535	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
536	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
537	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
538	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
539	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
540	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
541	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
542	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
543	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
544	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
545	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
546	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
547	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
548	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
549	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
550	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
551	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
552	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
553	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
554	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
555	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
556	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
557	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
558	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
559	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
560	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
561	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
562	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
563	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
564	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
565	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
566	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
567	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
568	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
569	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
570	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
571	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
572	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
573	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
574	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
575	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
576	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
577	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
578	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
579	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
580	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
581	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
582	Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
583	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
584	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
585	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
586	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
587	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
588	Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
589	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
590	Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
591	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
592	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
593	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
594	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
595	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
596	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
597	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
598	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
599	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
600	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
601	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
602	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
603	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
604	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
605	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
606	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
607	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
608	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
609	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
610	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
611	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
612	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
613	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
614	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
615	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
616	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
617	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
618	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
619	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
620	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
621	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
622	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
623	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
624	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
625	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
626	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
627	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
628	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
629	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
630	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
631	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
632	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
633	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
634	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
635	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
636	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
637	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
638	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
639	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
640	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
641	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
642	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
643	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
644	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
645	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
646	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
647	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
648	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
649	Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
650	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
651	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
652	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
653	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
654	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
655	Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
656	<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
657	Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
658	</w:LatentStyles>
659	</xml><![endif]-->
660	<style>
661	<!--
662	/* Font Definitions */
663	@font-face
664	{font-family:"Cambria Math";
665	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
666	mso-font-charset:1;
667	mso-generic-font-family:roman;
668	mso-font-pitch:variable;
669	mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;}
670	@font-face
671	{font-family:"Calibri Light";
672	panose-1:2 15 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
673	mso-font-charset:0;
674	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
675	mso-font-pitch:variable;
676	mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
677	@font-face
678	{font-family:Calibri;
679	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
680	mso-font-charset:0;
681	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
682	mso-font-pitch:variable;
683	mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
684	@font-face
685	{font-family:Tahoma;
686	panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
687	mso-font-charset:0;
688	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
689	mso-font-pitch:variable;
690	mso-font-signature:-520081665 -1073717157 41 0 66047 0;}
691	/* Style Definitions */
692	p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
693	{mso-style-unhide:no;
694	mso-style-qformat:yes;
695	mso-style-parent:"";
696	margin:0in;
697	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
698	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
699	font-size:12.0pt;
700	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
701	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
702	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
703	h1
704	{mso-style-priority:9;
705	mso-style-unhide:no;
706	mso-style-qformat:yes;
707	mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
708	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
709	margin-right:0in;
710	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
711	margin-left:0in;
712	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
713	mso-outline-level:1;
714	font-size:24.0pt;
715	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
716	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
717	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
718	font-weight:bold;}
719	h2
720	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
721	mso-style-priority:9;
722	mso-style-qformat:yes;
723	mso-style-link:"Heading 2 Char";
724	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
725	margin-right:0in;
726	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
727	margin-left:0in;
728	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
729	mso-outline-level:2;
730	font-size:18.0pt;
731	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
732	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
733	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
734	font-weight:bold;}
735	h3
736	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
737	mso-style-priority:9;
738	mso-style-qformat:yes;
739	mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
740	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
741	margin-right:0in;
742	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
743	margin-left:0in;
744	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
745	mso-outline-level:3;
746	font-size:13.5pt;
747	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
748	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
749	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
750	font-weight:bold;}
751	h4
752	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
753	mso-style-priority:9;
754	mso-style-qformat:yes;
755	mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
756	mso-style-next:Normal;
757	margin-top:10.0pt;
758	margin-right:0in;
759	margin-bottom:0in;
760	margin-left:0in;
761	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
762	mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
763	page-break-after:avoid;
764	mso-outline-level:4;
765	font-size:13.0pt;
766	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
767	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
768	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
769	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
770	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
771	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
772	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
773	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
774	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
775	color:#5B9BD5;
776	mso-themecolor:accent1;
777	font-weight:bold;
778	font-style:italic;}
779	h5
780	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
781	mso-style-priority:9;
782	mso-style-qformat:yes;
783	mso-style-link:"Heading 5 Char";
784	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
785	margin-right:0in;
786	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
787	margin-left:0in;
788	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
789	mso-outline-level:5;
790	font-size:12.0pt;
791	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
792	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
793	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
794	color:#4F4FFF;
795	font-weight:bold;}
796	p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle
797	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
798	mso-style-priority:10;
799	mso-style-unhide:no;
800	mso-style-qformat:yes;
801	mso-style-link:"Title Char";
802	mso-style-next:Normal;
803	margin-top:0in;
804	margin-right:0in;
805	margin-bottom:15.0pt;
806	margin-left:0in;
807	mso-add-space:auto;
808	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
809	border:none;
810	mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;
811	mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
812	padding:0in;
813	mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;
814	font-size:26.0pt;
815	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
816	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
817	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
818	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
819	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
820	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
821	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
822	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
823	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
824	color:#323E4F;
825	mso-themecolor:text2;
826	mso-themeshade:191;
827	letter-spacing:.25pt;
828	mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
829	p.MsoTitleCxSpFirst, li.MsoTitleCxSpFirst, div.MsoTitleCxSpFirst
830	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
831	mso-style-priority:10;
832	mso-style-unhide:no;
833	mso-style-qformat:yes;
834	mso-style-link:"Title Char";
835	mso-style-next:Normal;
836	mso-style-type:export-only;
837	margin:0in;
838	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
839	mso-add-space:auto;
840	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
841	border:none;
842	mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;
843	mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
844	padding:0in;
845	mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;
846	font-size:26.0pt;
847	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
848	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
849	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
850	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
851	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
852	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
853	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
854	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
855	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
856	color:#323E4F;
857	mso-themecolor:text2;
858	mso-themeshade:191;
859	letter-spacing:.25pt;
860	mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
861	p.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle, li.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle, div.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle
862	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
863	mso-style-priority:10;
864	mso-style-unhide:no;
865	mso-style-qformat:yes;
866	mso-style-link:"Title Char";
867	mso-style-next:Normal;
868	mso-style-type:export-only;
869	margin:0in;
870	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
871	mso-add-space:auto;
872	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
873	border:none;
874	mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;
875	mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
876	padding:0in;
877	mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;
878	font-size:26.0pt;
879	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
880	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
881	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
882	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
883	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
884	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
885	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
886	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
887	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
888	color:#323E4F;
889	mso-themecolor:text2;
890	mso-themeshade:191;
891	letter-spacing:.25pt;
892	mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
893	p.MsoTitleCxSpLast, li.MsoTitleCxSpLast, div.MsoTitleCxSpLast
894	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
895	mso-style-priority:10;
896	mso-style-unhide:no;
897	mso-style-qformat:yes;
898	mso-style-link:"Title Char";
899	mso-style-next:Normal;
900	mso-style-type:export-only;
901	margin-top:0in;
902	margin-right:0in;
903	margin-bottom:15.0pt;
904	margin-left:0in;
905	mso-add-space:auto;
906	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
907	border:none;
908	mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #5B9BD5 1.0pt;
909	mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
910	padding:0in;
911	mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;
912	font-size:26.0pt;
913	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
914	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
915	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
916	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
917	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
918	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
919	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
920	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
921	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
922	color:#323E4F;
923	mso-themecolor:text2;
924	mso-themeshade:191;
925	letter-spacing:.25pt;
926	mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
927	a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
928	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
929	mso-style-priority:99;
930	color:blue;
931	text-decoration:underline;
932	text-underline:single;}
933	a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
934	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
935	mso-style-priority:99;
936	color:purple;
937	text-decoration:underline;
938	text-underline:single;}
939	p.MsoDocumentMap, li.MsoDocumentMap, div.MsoDocumentMap
940	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
941	mso-style-priority:99;
942	mso-style-link:"Document Map Char";
943	margin:0in;
944	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
945	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
946	font-size:8.0pt;
947	font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;
948	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
949	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
950	p
951	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
952	mso-style-priority:99;
953	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
954	margin-right:0in;
955	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
956	margin-left:0in;
957	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
958	font-size:12.0pt;
959	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
960	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
961	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
962	pre
963	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
964	mso-style-priority:99;
965	mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
966	margin:0in;
967	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
968	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
969	tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
970	font-size:10.0pt;
971	font-family:"Courier New";
972	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
973	p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
974	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
975	mso-style-priority:99;
976	mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
977	margin:0in;
978	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
979	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
980	font-size:8.0pt;
981	font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;
982	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
983	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
984	span.MsoPlaceholderText
985	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
986	mso-style-priority:99;
987	mso-style-unhide:no;
988	color:gray;}
989	p.MsoNoSpacing, li.MsoNoSpacing, div.MsoNoSpacing
990	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
991	mso-style-priority:1;
992	mso-style-unhide:no;
993	mso-style-qformat:yes;
994	mso-style-parent:"";
995	margin:0in;
996	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
997	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
998	font-size:12.0pt;
999	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1000	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1001	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1002	p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
1003	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
1004	mso-style-priority:34;
1005	mso-style-unhide:no;
1006	mso-style-qformat:yes;
1007	margin-top:0in;
1008	margin-right:0in;
1009	margin-bottom:0in;
1010	margin-left:.5in;
1011	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
1012	mso-add-space:auto;
1013	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1014	font-size:12.0pt;
1015	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1016	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1017	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1018	p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
1019	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
1020	mso-style-priority:34;
1021	mso-style-unhide:no;
1022	mso-style-qformat:yes;
1023	mso-style-type:export-only;
1024	margin-top:0in;
1025	margin-right:0in;
1026	margin-bottom:0in;
1027	margin-left:.5in;
1028	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
1029	mso-add-space:auto;
1030	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1031	font-size:12.0pt;
1032	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1033	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1034	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1035	p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
1036	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
1037	mso-style-priority:34;
1038	mso-style-unhide:no;
1039	mso-style-qformat:yes;
1040	mso-style-type:export-only;
1041	margin-top:0in;
1042	margin-right:0in;
1043	margin-bottom:0in;
1044	margin-left:.5in;
1045	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
1046	mso-add-space:auto;
1047	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1048	font-size:12.0pt;
1049	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1050	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1051	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1052	p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
1053	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
1054	mso-style-priority:34;
1055	mso-style-unhide:no;
1056	mso-style-qformat:yes;
1057	mso-style-type:export-only;
1058	margin-top:0in;
1059	margin-right:0in;
1060	margin-bottom:0in;
1061	margin-left:.5in;
1062	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
1063	mso-add-space:auto;
1064	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1065	font-size:12.0pt;
1066	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1067	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1068	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1069	span.MsoIntenseReference
1070	{mso-style-priority:32;
1071	mso-style-unhide:no;
1072	mso-style-qformat:yes;
1073	font-variant:small-caps;
1074	color:#ED7D31;
1075	mso-themecolor:accent2;
1076	letter-spacing:.25pt;
1077	font-weight:bold;
1078	text-decoration:underline;
1079	text-underline:single;}
1080	span.Heading1Char
1081	{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
1082	mso-style-priority:9;
1083	mso-style-unhide:no;
1084	mso-style-locked:yes;
1085	mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
1086	mso-ansi-font-size:24.0pt;
1087	mso-bidi-font-size:24.0pt;
1088	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1089	mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1090	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1091	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1092	mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1093	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1094	mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;
1095	font-weight:bold;}
1096	span.Heading2Char
1097	{mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char";
1098	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1099	mso-style-priority:9;
1100	mso-style-unhide:no;
1101	mso-style-locked:yes;
1102	mso-style-link:"Heading 2";
1103	mso-ansi-font-size:18.0pt;
1104	mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;
1105	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1106	mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1107	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1108	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1109	mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1110	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1111	font-weight:bold;}
1112	span.Heading3Char
1113	{mso-style-name:"Heading 3 Char";
1114	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1115	mso-style-priority:9;
1116	mso-style-unhide:no;
1117	mso-style-locked:yes;
1118	mso-style-link:"Heading 3";
1119	mso-ansi-font-size:13.5pt;
1120	mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;
1121	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1122	mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1123	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1124	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1125	mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1126	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1127	font-weight:bold;}
1128	span.Heading4Char
1129	{mso-style-name:"Heading 4 Char";
1130	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1131	mso-style-priority:9;
1132	mso-style-unhide:no;
1133	mso-style-locked:yes;
1134	mso-style-link:"Heading 4";
1135	mso-ansi-font-size:13.0pt;
1136	mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
1137	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
1138	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
1139	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
1140	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1141	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
1142	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
1143	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
1144	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1145	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
1146	color:#5B9BD5;
1147	mso-themecolor:accent1;
1148	font-weight:bold;
1149	font-style:italic;}
1150	span.Heading5Char
1151	{mso-style-name:"Heading 5 Char";
1152	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1153	mso-style-priority:9;
1154	mso-style-unhide:no;
1155	mso-style-locked:yes;
1156	mso-style-link:"Heading 5";
1157	mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
1158	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
1159	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1160	mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1161	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1162	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1163	mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1164	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1165	color:#4F4FFF;
1166	font-weight:bold;}
1167	span.HTMLPreformattedChar
1168	{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
1169	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1170	mso-style-priority:99;
1171	mso-style-unhide:no;
1172	mso-style-locked:yes;
1173	mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
1174	font-family:"Courier New";
1175	mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";
1176	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1177	mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";
1178	mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";}
1179	p.msonormal0, li.msonormal0, div.msonormal0
1180	{mso-style-name:msonormal;
1181	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1182	mso-style-priority:99;
1183	mso-style-unhide:no;
1184	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
1185	margin-right:0in;
1186	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
1187	margin-left:0in;
1188	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1189	font-size:12.0pt;
1190	font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
1191	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1192	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
1193	span.TitleChar
1194	{mso-style-name:"Title Char";
1195	mso-style-priority:10;
1196	mso-style-unhide:no;
1197	mso-style-locked:yes;
1198	mso-style-link:Title;
1199	mso-ansi-font-size:26.0pt;
1200	mso-bidi-font-size:26.0pt;
1201	font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;
1202	mso-ascii-font-family:"Calibri Light";
1203	mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
1204	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1205	mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
1206	mso-hansi-font-family:"Calibri Light";
1207	mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
1208	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1209	mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
1210	color:#323E4F;
1211	mso-themecolor:text2;
1212	mso-themeshade:191;
1213	letter-spacing:.25pt;
1214	mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
1215	span.DocumentMapChar
1216	{mso-style-name:"Document Map Char";
1217	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1218	mso-style-priority:99;
1219	mso-style-unhide:no;
1220	mso-style-locked:yes;
1221	mso-style-link:"Document Map";
1222	mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;
1223	mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;
1224	font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;
1225	mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
1226	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1227	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1228	mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1229	mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;}
1230	span.BalloonTextChar
1231	{mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
1232	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1233	mso-style-priority:99;
1234	mso-style-unhide:no;
1235	mso-style-locked:yes;
1236	mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
1237	mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;
1238	mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;
1239	font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;
1240	mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
1241	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1242	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
1243	mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1244	mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;}
1245	span.SpellE
1246	{mso-style-name:"";
1247	mso-spl-e:yes;}
1248	span.GramE
1249	{mso-style-name:"";
1250	mso-gram-e:yes;}
1251	.MsoChpDefault
1252	{mso-style-type:export-only;
1253	mso-default-props:yes;
1254	font-size:10.0pt;
1255	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
1256	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
1257	font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1258	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
1259	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1260	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
1261	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1262	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
1263	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
1264	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1265	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
1266	@page WordSection1
1267	{size:8.5in 11.0in;
1268	margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
1269	mso-header-margin:.5in;
1270	mso-footer-margin:.5in;
1271	mso-paper-source:0;}
1272	div.WordSection1
1273	{page:WordSection1;}
1274	/* List Definitions */
1275	@list l0
1276	{mso-list-id:15860155;
1277	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1278	mso-list-template-ids:234676978 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1279	@list l0:level1
1280	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1281	mso-level-number-position:left;
1282	margin-left:.75in;
1283	text-indent:-.25in;}
1284	@list l0:level2
1285	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1286	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1287	mso-level-number-position:left;
1288	margin-left:1.25in;
1289	text-indent:-.25in;}
1290	@list l0:level3
1291	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1292	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1293	mso-level-number-position:right;
1294	margin-left:1.75in;
1295	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1296	@list l0:level4
1297	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1298	mso-level-number-position:left;
1299	margin-left:2.25in;
1300	text-indent:-.25in;}
1301	@list l0:level5
1302	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1303	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1304	mso-level-number-position:left;
1305	margin-left:2.75in;
1306	text-indent:-.25in;}
1307	@list l0:level6
1308	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1309	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1310	mso-level-number-position:right;
1311	margin-left:3.25in;
1312	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1313	@list l0:level7
1314	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1315	mso-level-number-position:left;
1316	margin-left:3.75in;
1317	text-indent:-.25in;}
1318	@list l0:level8
1319	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1320	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1321	mso-level-number-position:left;
1322	margin-left:4.25in;
1323	text-indent:-.25in;}
1324	@list l0:level9
1325	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1326	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1327	mso-level-number-position:right;
1328	margin-left:4.75in;
1329	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1330	@list l1
1331	{mso-list-id:608973138;
1332	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1333	mso-list-template-ids:-1449999034 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1334	@list l1:level1
1335	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1336	mso-level-number-position:left;
1337	margin-left:.25in;
1338	text-indent:-.25in;}
1339	@list l1:level2
1340	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1341	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1342	mso-level-number-position:left;
1343	margin-left:.75in;
1344	text-indent:-.25in;}
1345	@list l1:level3
1346	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1347	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1348	mso-level-number-position:right;
1349	margin-left:1.25in;
1350	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1351	@list l1:level4
1352	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1353	mso-level-number-position:left;
1354	margin-left:1.75in;
1355	text-indent:-.25in;}
1356	@list l1:level5
1357	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1358	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1359	mso-level-number-position:left;
1360	margin-left:2.25in;
1361	text-indent:-.25in;}
1362	@list l1:level6
1363	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1364	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1365	mso-level-number-position:right;
1366	margin-left:2.75in;
1367	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1368	@list l1:level7
1369	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1370	mso-level-number-position:left;
1371	margin-left:3.25in;
1372	text-indent:-.25in;}
1373	@list l1:level8
1374	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1375	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1376	mso-level-number-position:left;
1377	margin-left:3.75in;
1378	text-indent:-.25in;}
1379	@list l1:level9
1380	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1381	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1382	mso-level-number-position:right;
1383	margin-left:4.25in;
1384	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1385	@list l2
1386	{mso-list-id:724838487;
1387	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1388	mso-list-template-ids:-1805223932 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1389	@list l2:level1
1390	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1391	mso-level-number-position:left;
1392	text-indent:-.25in;}
1393	@list l2:level2
1394	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1395	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1396	mso-level-number-position:left;
1397	text-indent:-.25in;}
1398	@list l2:level3
1399	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1400	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1401	mso-level-number-position:right;
1402	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1403	@list l2:level4
1404	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1405	mso-level-number-position:left;
1406	text-indent:-.25in;}
1407	@list l2:level5
1408	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1409	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1410	mso-level-number-position:left;
1411	text-indent:-.25in;}
1412	@list l2:level6
1413	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1414	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1415	mso-level-number-position:right;
1416	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1417	@list l2:level7
1418	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1419	mso-level-number-position:left;
1420	text-indent:-.25in;}
1421	@list l2:level8
1422	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1423	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1424	mso-level-number-position:left;
1425	text-indent:-.25in;}
1426	@list l2:level9
1427	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1428	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1429	mso-level-number-position:right;
1430	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1431	@list l3
1432	{mso-list-id:974749577;
1433	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1434	mso-list-template-ids:-1793575708 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1435	@list l3:level1
1436	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1437	mso-level-number-position:left;
1438	margin-left:.75in;
1439	text-indent:-.25in;}
1440	@list l3:level2
1441	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1442	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1443	mso-level-number-position:left;
1444	margin-left:1.25in;
1445	text-indent:-.25in;}
1446	@list l3:level3
1447	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1448	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1449	mso-level-number-position:right;
1450	margin-left:1.75in;
1451	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1452	@list l3:level4
1453	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1454	mso-level-number-position:left;
1455	margin-left:2.25in;
1456	text-indent:-.25in;}
1457	@list l3:level5
1458	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1459	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1460	mso-level-number-position:left;
1461	margin-left:2.75in;
1462	text-indent:-.25in;}
1463	@list l3:level6
1464	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1465	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1466	mso-level-number-position:right;
1467	margin-left:3.25in;
1468	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1469	@list l3:level7
1470	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1471	mso-level-number-position:left;
1472	margin-left:3.75in;
1473	text-indent:-.25in;}
1474	@list l3:level8
1475	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1476	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1477	mso-level-number-position:left;
1478	margin-left:4.25in;
1479	text-indent:-.25in;}
1480	@list l3:level9
1481	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1482	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1483	mso-level-number-position:right;
1484	margin-left:4.75in;
1485	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1486	@list l4
1487	{mso-list-id:1479684003;
1488	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1489	mso-list-template-ids:1678017270 -1895020378 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1490	@list l4:level1
1491	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1492	mso-level-number-position:left;
1493	margin-left:.25in;
1494	text-indent:-.25in;}
1495	@list l4:level2
1496	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1497	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1498	mso-level-number-position:left;
1499	margin-left:.75in;
1500	text-indent:-.25in;}
1501	@list l4:level3
1502	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1503	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1504	mso-level-number-position:right;
1505	margin-left:1.25in;
1506	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1507	@list l4:level4
1508	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1509	mso-level-number-position:left;
1510	margin-left:1.75in;
1511	text-indent:-.25in;}
1512	@list l4:level5
1513	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1514	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1515	mso-level-number-position:left;
1516	margin-left:2.25in;
1517	text-indent:-.25in;}
1518	@list l4:level6
1519	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1520	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1521	mso-level-number-position:right;
1522	margin-left:2.75in;
1523	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1524	@list l4:level7
1525	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1526	mso-level-number-position:left;
1527	margin-left:3.25in;
1528	text-indent:-.25in;}
1529	@list l4:level8
1530	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1531	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1532	mso-level-number-position:left;
1533	margin-left:3.75in;
1534	text-indent:-.25in;}
1535	@list l4:level9
1536	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1537	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1538	mso-level-number-position:right;
1539	margin-left:4.25in;
1540	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1541	@list l5
1542	{mso-list-id:1494641284;
1543	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1544	mso-list-template-ids:1178630220 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1545	@list l5:level1
1546	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1547	mso-level-number-position:left;
1548	margin-left:.25in;
1549	text-indent:-.25in;}
1550	@list l5:level2
1551	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1552	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1553	mso-level-number-position:left;
1554	margin-left:.75in;
1555	text-indent:-.25in;}
1556	@list l5:level3
1557	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1558	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1559	mso-level-number-position:right;
1560	margin-left:1.25in;
1561	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1562	@list l5:level4
1563	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1564	mso-level-number-position:left;
1565	margin-left:1.75in;
1566	text-indent:-.25in;}
1567	@list l5:level5
1568	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1569	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1570	mso-level-number-position:left;
1571	margin-left:2.25in;
1572	text-indent:-.25in;}
1573	@list l5:level6
1574	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1575	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1576	mso-level-number-position:right;
1577	margin-left:2.75in;
1578	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1579	@list l5:level7
1580	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1581	mso-level-number-position:left;
1582	margin-left:3.25in;
1583	text-indent:-.25in;}
1584	@list l5:level8
1585	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1586	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1587	mso-level-number-position:left;
1588	margin-left:3.75in;
1589	text-indent:-.25in;}
1590	@list l5:level9
1591	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1592	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1593	mso-level-number-position:right;
1594	margin-left:4.25in;
1595	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1596	@list l6
1597	{mso-list-id:2054574863;
1598	mso-list-type:hybrid;
1599	mso-list-template-ids:-1794201240 2114096650 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
1600	@list l6:level1
1601	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1602	mso-level-number-position:left;
1603	text-indent:-.25in;}
1604	@list l6:level2
1605	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1606	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1607	mso-level-number-position:left;
1608	text-indent:-.25in;}
1609	@list l6:level3
1610	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1611	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1612	mso-level-number-position:right;
1613	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1614	@list l6:level4
1615	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1616	mso-level-number-position:left;
1617	text-indent:-.25in;}
1618	@list l6:level5
1619	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1620	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1621	mso-level-number-position:left;
1622	text-indent:-.25in;}
1623	@list l6:level6
1624	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1625	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1626	mso-level-number-position:right;
1627	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1628	@list l6:level7
1629	{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1630	mso-level-number-position:left;
1631	text-indent:-.25in;}
1632	@list l6:level8
1633	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
1634	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1635	mso-level-number-position:left;
1636	text-indent:-.25in;}
1637	@list l6:level9
1638	{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
1639	mso-level-tab-stop:none;
1640	mso-level-number-position:right;
1641	text-indent:-9.0pt;}
1642	ol
1643	{margin-bottom:0in;}
1644	ul
1645	{margin-bottom:0in;}
1646	-->
1647	</style>
1648	<!--[if gte mso 10]>
1649	<style>
1650	/* Style Definitions */
1651	table.MsoNormalTable
1652	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
1653	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
1654	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
1655	mso-style-noshow:yes;
1656	mso-style-priority:99;
1657	mso-style-parent:"";
1658	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
1659	mso-para-margin:0in;
1660	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
1661	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
1662	font-size:10.0pt;
1663	font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1664	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
1665	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1666	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
1667	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
1668	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1669	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
1670	</style>
1671	<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
1672	<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/>
1673	</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
1674	<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
1675	<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
1676	</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
1677	</head>
1678
1679	<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>
1680
1681	<div class=WordSection1>
1682
1683	<h1>Simple Magnetic Structures in GSAS-II </h1>
1684
1685	<P><B>A video version of this tutorial is available at
1686	<A href="https://anl.box.com/v/SimpleMagnetic" target="_blank">
1687	https://anl.box.com/v/SimpleMagnetic</A></B></P>
1688
1689	<h2>Introduction</h2>
1690
1691	<p class=MsoNormal>For magnetic neutron diffraction, the powder diffraction
1692	structure factor consists of two non-interacting components.</p>
1693
1694	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
1695
1696	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
1697	id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
1698	path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
1699	<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
1700	<v:formulas>
1701	<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
1702	<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
1703	<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
1704	<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
1705	<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
1706	<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
1707	<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
1708	<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
1709	<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
1710	<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
1711	<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
1712	<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
1713	</v:formulas>
1714	<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
1715	<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
1716	</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1099" type="#_x0000_t75"
1717	style='width:261pt;height:37.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1718	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image001.png" o:title=""/>
1719	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=348 height=50
1720	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image001.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><![endif]></span></p>
1721
1722	<p class=MsoNormal>To have this result, one assumes that the neutron beam is not
1723	polarized, the sample has no texture and there is only elastic scattering. The
1724	first term is the ordinary nuclear structure factor found for all crystalline
1725	materials and the second is the magnetic scattering. Note that the result is a
1726	sum of squares implying that the nuclear and magnetic scattering intensities
1727	are summed to give the total that is measured in a magnetic powder diffraction
1728	experiment. This allows us to model the structure as two separate crystalline
1729	phases; one consists of the chemical arrangement of all the atoms in the
1730	crystal structure described with a conventional unit cell and space group, and
1731	the other contains only the magnetic atoms in a perhaps different unit cell
1732	with a magnetic space group to describe the atom and magnetic moment
1733	arrangement. Needless to say both phases must describe the same atomic
1734	arrangement for the magnetic ions; these will be linked as needed by
1735	constraints in order to maintain this arrangement.</p>
1736
1737	<p class=MsoNormal>The magnetic scattering component has two factors</p>
1738
1739	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
1740
1741	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1742	id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:103.5pt;
1743	height:48pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1744	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image002.png" o:title=""/>
1745	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=138 height=64
1746	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image002.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2"><![endif]></span></p>
1747
1748	<p class=MsoNormal>The second term (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>p<sub>m</sub></i>)
1749	is a scalar containing the magnetic form factor (<span class=SpellE><i
1750	style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>f<sub>m</sub></i></span>), the magnetic
1751	moment magnitude (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>S<sub>m</sub></i>) and
1752	a scaling factor ~0.539x10<sup>-12</sup> cm which is on the same scale as the
1753	normal neutron scattering lengths. Thus, magnetic scattering intensities are
1754	similar to those from the chemical structure. The first term (<span
1755	class=SpellE><span class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>q<sub>m</sub></b></span></span>)
1756	depends on the projection of the magnetic moment onto the scattering vector for
1757	the reflection. If the scattering vector (unit vector <span class=SpellE><b
1758	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ε<sub>h</sub></b></span>) is parallel
1759	to the magnetic (unit vector <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>K<sub>m</sub></b>)
1760	then the magnetic scattering intensity is zero and is large if the vectors are
1761	perpendicular. Thus, one can anticipate the direction of the magnetic moment in
1762	the structure by examining the observed magnetic intensities of low index
1763	reflections.</p>
1764
1765	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
1766
1767	<p class=MsoNormal>In this exercise you will use GSAS-II to determine the
1768	magnetic structure for a simple ferromagnet and a simple antiferromagnet. One
1769	is LaMnO<sub>3</sub> which is an antiferromagnetic perovskite distorted by a
1770	strong <span class=SpellE>Jahn</span>-Teller distortion to an orthorhombic
1771	cell, and the other is LaMnO<sub>3</sub> doped with enough Ca to make it a
1772	ferromagnet that is also orthorhombic. Neutron powder diffraction data for both
1773	were obtained on BT-1 at the NIST reactor at 50K (thanks to Qingzhen Huang for
1774	providing the data).</p>
1775
1776	<p class=MsoNormal>If you have not done so already, start GSAS-II.</p>
1777
1778	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
1779
1780	<h2>Simple Antiferromagnet: LaMnO<sub>3</sub></h2>
1781
1782	<h3>Step 1: Read in the data file</h3>
1783
1784	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
1785	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
1786	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
1787	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Use
1788	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1789	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1790	minor-latin'>Import/Powder Data/from GSAS powder data file</span></b> menu item
1791	to read the data file into the current GSAS-II project. This read option is set
1792	to read any of the powder data formats defined for GSAS (angles in <span
1793	class=SpellE>centidegrees</span>, TOF in µsec). Other submenu items will read
1794	the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1795	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1796	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>cif</span></b></span>
1797	format or the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1798	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1799	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>xye</span></b></span>
1800	format (angles in degrees) used by <span class=SpellE>Topas</span>, etc.<span
1801	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In those cases, you would change the file
1802	directory to <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1803	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1804	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>cif</span></b></span>
1805	format or the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1806	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1807	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>xye</span></b></span>
1808	format (angles in degrees) used by <span class=SpellE>Topas</span>, etc. to see
1809	them. Because you used <span style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
1810	minor-latin'>the </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1811	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1812	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1813	minor-latin'>Help/Download tutorial</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1814	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'> menu entry to open this page and
1815	downloaded the exercise files (recommended), then the </span><span
1816	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1817	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
1818	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>SimpleMagnetic</span></b></span><b
1819	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1820	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
1821	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>/data/...</span></b><span
1822	style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>
1823	entry will bring you to the location where the files have been downloaded. (It
1824	is also possible to download them manually from <a
1825	href="https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/">https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/</a>.
1826	In this case you will need to navigate to the download location manually.)<br>
1827	For this tutorial you should see the data file in the file browser, but if
1828	extensions on data files are not the expected ones, you may need to change the
1829	file type to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>All files (.)</b> to find
1830	the desired file.</span></p>
1831
1832	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
1833	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
1834	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
1835	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Select
1836	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1837	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1838	minor-latin'>CaMnO3_50K.gsas</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1839	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1840	minor-latin'> data</span> file in the first dialog and press <b
1841	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1842	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1843	minor-latin'>Open</span></b>. There will be a Dialog box asking <span
1844	class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1845	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1846	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Is</span></b></span><b
1847	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1848	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1849	minor-latin'> this the file you want?</span></b> Press <span class=GramE><b
1850	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1851	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1852	minor-latin'>Yes</span></b></span> button to proceed.</p>
1853
1854	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
1855	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span
1856	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
1857	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Since
1858	this data file does not define an instrument parameter file, a file dialog will
1859	appear for you to select the correct instrument parameter file. Select <b
1860	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1861	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1862	minor-latin'>BT1_Cu300.inst</span></b>; you may have to change the file type in
1863	the file selection Dialog box to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1864	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1865	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>GSAS <span
1866	class=SpellE>iparm</span> file</span></b> to see it. At this point the <b
1867	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1868	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1869	minor-latin'>GSAS-II data tree</span></b> window will have several entries </p>
1870
1871	<h2><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
1872	o:spid="_x0000_i1097" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:319.5pt;height:216.75pt;
1873	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1874	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image005.png" o:title=""/>
1875	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=426 height=289
1876	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image078.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3"><![endif]></span></h2>
1877
1878	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>and</span> the plot window will show the
1879	powder pattern</p>
1880
1881	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1882	id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1096" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
1883	height:401.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1884	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image007.png" o:title=""/>
1885	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=535
1886	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image080.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"><![endif]></span></p>
1887
1888	<h3>Step 2: Select Limits </h3>
1889
1890	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This pattern has more
1891	data than we need, so it is helpful to cut down the range and one probably
1892	doesnt want to use the two very broad peaks at the upper end of the pattern as
1893	they dont contain much information for the magnetic structure. One also should
1894	be careful in selecting he lower limit especially for magnetic structure
1895	studies as a small peak may be hidden at low angles that can decisively
1896	determine a magnetic structure (there is none here but this issue will be
1897	apparent in the next example). Click on the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1898	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1899	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Limits</span></b>
1900	item in the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1901	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>GSAS-II
1902	data tree</span></b>. Use the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1903	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1904	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>New:</span></b>
1905	set of entry boxes to set <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1906	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1907	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Tmin</span></b></span>
1908	and <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1909	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1910	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Tmax</span></b></span>
1911	to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1912	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>6 </span></b>and
1913	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1914	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1915	minor-latin'>156</span></b>. Notice on the plot that the limit lines have moved
1916	to these positions; the green lower limit is just below the 1<sup>st</sup> peak
1917	and the red upper limit is just below that last two broad peaks. You may also
1918	drag the limit lines to the desired location or place them by a left mouse
1919	click on a data point for the lower limit or a right click on a data point for
1920	the upper limit. The plot should look like</p>
1921
1922	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1923	id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1095" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
1924	height:401.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1925	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image009.png" o:title=""/>
1926	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=535
1927	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image081.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5"><![endif]></span></p>
1928
1929	<h3>Step 3: Read in the chemical structure for LaMnO<sub>3</sub></h3>
1930
1931	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
1932	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1933	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
1934	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Use
1935	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1936	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1937	minor-latin'>Import/Phase/from CIF file</span></b> menu item to read the phase
1938	information for LaMnO<sub>3</sub> into the current GSAS-II project. This read
1939	option is set to read Crystallographic Information Files (CIF). Other submenu
1940	items will read phase information in other formats.<span
1941	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Because you used <span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1942	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>the </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1943	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1944	minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1945	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Help/Download tutorial</span></b><span
1946	style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>
1947	menu entry to open this page and downloaded the exercise files (recommended),
1948	then the </span><span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1949	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1950	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1951	minor-latin'>SimpleMagnetic</span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1952	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1953	minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
1954	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>/data/...</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1955	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'> entry will bring you to the
1956	location where the files have been downloaded. (It is also possible to download
1957	them manually from <a
1958	href="https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/">https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/</a>.
1959	In this case you will need to navigate to the download location manually.)</span></p>
1960
1961	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
1962	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1963	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
1964	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Select
1965	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1966	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1967	minor-latin'>LaMnO3.cif</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1968	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1969	minor-latin'> data</span> file in the first dialog and press <b
1970	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1971	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1972	minor-latin'>Open</span></b>. There will be a Dialog box asking <span
1973	class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1974	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1975	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Is</span></b></span><b
1976	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1977	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1978	minor-latin'> this the file you want?</span></b> Press <span class=GramE><b
1979	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1980	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1981	minor-latin'>Yes</span></b></span> button to proceed. You will get the
1982	opportunity to change the phase name next; press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1983	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1984	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>
1985	to continue.</p>
1986
1987	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
1988	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><![if !supportLists]><span
1989	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
1990	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Next
1991	is the histogram selection window; this connects the phase to the data so it
1992	can be used in subsequent calculations.<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'> </span></p>
1993
1994	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
1995	auto'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
1996	o:spid="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:283.5pt;height:228.75pt;
1997	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1998	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image011.png" o:title=""/>
1999	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=378 height=305
2000	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image011.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6"><![endif]></span></p>
2001
2002	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto'>Select
2003	the histogram (or press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2004	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2005	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Set All</span></b>)
2006	and press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2007	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2008	minor-latin'>OK</span></b>. The General tab for the phase is shown next<br>
2009	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
2010	o:spid="_x0000_i1093" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:404.25pt;height:208.5pt;
2011	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2012	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image012.png" o:title=""/>
2013	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=539 height=278
2014	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image082.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7"><![endif]></span></p>
2015
2016	<h3>Step 4. Check powder pattern indexing</h3>
2017
2018	<p class=MsoNormal>Here the objective is to determine how the reflection
2019	positions generated from the chemical (nuclear) crystal structure lattice
2020	match up with the peaks observed for this antiferromagnet. </p>
2021
2022	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
2023	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2024	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
2025	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Select
2026	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2027	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2028	minor-latin'>Unit Cells List</span></b> from the tree entries under the
2029	histogram (begins with PWDR); the Indexing controls will be shown<br>
2030	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
2031	o:spid="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:407.25pt;height:146.25pt;
2032	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2033	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image014.png" o:title=""/>
2034	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=543 height=195
2035	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image083.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8"><![endif]></span></p>
2036
2037	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2038	auto'>This can be use lattice parameters & space groups to generate
2039	expected reflection positions to check against the peaks in the powder pattern.
2040	</p>
2041
2042	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2043	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2044	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
2045	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>One
2046	could then enter <span class=SpellE>Bravais</span> lattice, choose space group
2047	& enter lattice parameters by hand, but the easy way is to use the chemical
2048	lattice directly. Do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2049	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2050	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Cell
2051	Index/Refine/Load Cell</span></b> from the menu; a Phase selection box will
2052	appear with only one choice (<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2053	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2054	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaMnO3</span></b>).
2055	This was taken from the Phases present in this project; there could be more
2056	than one depending on what you loaded/created earlier. The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2057	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2058	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Import</span></b>
2059	menu item allows you to get lattice information from any one of the other phase
2060	containing files known to GSAS-II. Press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2061	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2062	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>
2063	and the Indexing controls will be change<br>
2064	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
2065	o:spid="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:411pt;height:147.75pt;
2066	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2067	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image016.png" o:title=""/>
2068	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=548 height=197
2069	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image084.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9"><![endif]></span><br>
2070	showing the lattice constants for LaMnO3 you had obtained from the <span
2071	class=SpellE>cif</span> file. Note that the space group is set to that of the <span
2072	class=SpellE>Bravais</span> lattice (P m <span class=SpellE>m</span> m) and not
2073	the space group for LaMnO3 (P n m a).</p>
2074
2075	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2076	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2077	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
2078	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Press
2079	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2080	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2081	minor-latin'>Show <span class=SpellE>hkl</span> positions</span></b> button;
2082	after a short pause (while reflections are generated), the plot will show the
2083	calculated reflection line positions.<br>
2084	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
2085	o:spid="_x0000_i1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:414pt;height:354.75pt;
2086	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2087	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image018.png" o:title=""/>
2088	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=552 height=473
2089	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image085.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10"><![endif]></span></p>
2090
2091	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2092	auto'>This is the reflection set for the <span class=SpellE>Bravais</span>
2093	lattice <span class=SpellE>Pmmm</span> which includes <span class=SpellE>relections</span>
2094	that may be space group extinct and/or magnetically extinct. BN: a reflection
2095	that is space group extinct could still be allowed for magnetic scattering.</p>
2096
2097	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2098	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2099	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span
2100	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Zoom
2101	in on the lowest part of the pattern to see details of the indexing<br>
2102	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
2103	o:spid="_x0000_i1089" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:411pt;height:352.5pt;
2104	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2105	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image020.png" o:title=""/>
2106	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=548 height=470
2107	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image086.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11"><![endif]></span></p>
2108
2109	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2110	auto'>Note that every observed peak is indexed (unfortunately the peak at
2111	~15.69°2Θ is probably a contaminant it doesnt exactly match the two
2112	calculated lines that straddle it).</p>
2113
2114	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2115	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2116	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span
2117	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Change
2118	the space group to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2119	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2120	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>P n m a</span></b>
2121	(near the bottom of the pull down); the indexing will immediately change<br>
2122	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
2123	o:spid="_x0000_i1088" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:408pt;height:349.5pt;
2124	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2125	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image022.png" o:title=""/>
2126	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=544 height=466
2127	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image087.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12"><![endif]></span><br>
2128	Notice that the 1<sup>st</sup> peak (as well as the contaminant) is no longer
2129	indexed; this is likely to be a magnetic only peak as expected from an
2130	antiferromagnet; there is another at ~34.4°2Θ. Reset the space group to <b
2131	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2132	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2133	minor-latin'>P m <span class=SpellE>m</span> <span class=SpellE>m</span></span></b>
2134	and put the cursor on these two in turn; a popup box will tell you they are the
2135	(0,1,0) and (0,1,2) reflections. The two straddling the contaminating peak are
2136	the (1<span class=GramE>,0,0</span>) and (0,0,1) reflections; they may be
2137	magnetically extinct. There are others that show for <span class=SpellE>Pmmm</span>
2138	but vanish for <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> and have no visible intensity. We
2139	dont know yet if they are magnetically allowed, but are zero because of the
2140	magnetic moment direction.</p>
2141
2142	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2143	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo6'><![if !supportLists]><span
2144	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>6.<span
2145	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Reset
2146	the space group to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2147	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2148	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>P n m a</span></b>;
2149	the reflections will again be updated. Then check the box <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2150	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2151	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Magnetic?</span></b>;
2152	the tab will be changed showing some more options</p>
2153
2154	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2155	auto'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
2156	o:spid="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:405pt;height:146.25pt;
2157	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2158	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image024.png" o:title=""/>
2159	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=540 height=195
2160	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image088.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13"><![endif]></span></p>
2161
2162	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2163	auto'><span class=GramE>and</span> the powder indexing lines will also change
2164	showing every line to be indexed for the magnetic space group P n m a.
2165	However there are other spin selections (8 in all!) that might be possible. We
2166	have to introduce some time reversal operations (or spin flips). These are
2167	given by a choice of <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2168	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2169	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
2170	or <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2171	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2172	minor-latin'>black</span></b> for mx, my & <span class=SpellE>mz</span>
2173	(the 3 mirrors in <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>). Try them out by selecting <b
2174	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2175	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2176	minor-latin'>black</span></b> or <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2177	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2178	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
2179	for each; each time the plot will show the allowed reflections. Unfortunately
2180	this is not very definitive for selecting the magnetic space group; 4 choices
2181	will index the 1<sup>st</sup> line & 4 will not. The allowed ones are <span
2182	class=SpellE>bbb</span>, <span class=SpellE>rrr</span>, brb & <span
2183	class=SpellE>rbr</span> (b=black & r=red). In order to reject the <span
2184	class=SpellE>rrr</span> & <span class=SpellE>bbb</span> choices, you have
2185	to assume that the peak at ~15.69°2Θ is a contaminant and that the two
2186	reflections next to it 100 & 001 are indeed absent; this leaves two
2187	choices, <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> and <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>.
2188	If you press the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2189	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2190	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>ShowSpins</span></b></span><b
2191	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2192	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2193	minor-latin'>?</span></b> <span class=GramE>button</span>, a popup window will
2194	appear showing the magnetic symmetry operators with spin inversion ones in red.
2195	For <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> (e.g. <span class=SpellE>rbr</span>) the
2196	operators are</p>
2197
2198	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2199	auto'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14"
2200	o:spid="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:192pt;height:160.5pt;
2201	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2202	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image026.png" o:title=""/>
2203	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=256 height=214
2204	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image089.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14"><![endif]></span></p>
2205
2206	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2207	auto'><span class=GramE>and</span> the ones for <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>
2208	(e.g. brb) are</p>
2209
2210	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2211	auto'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
2212	o:spid="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:192pt;height:160.5pt;
2213	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2214	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image028.png" o:title=""/>
2215	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=256 height=214
2216	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image090.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15"><![endif]></span></p>
2217
2218	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto'>It
2219	is worthwhile noticing that the inversion operator (-1) is red in the latter
2220	but not in the former since an atom at an inversion center cannot have a
2221	magnetic moment if there is also spin inversion. More about this later. Press <b
2222	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2223	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2224	minor-latin'>OK</span></b> to get rid of the popup box. To narrow down the
2225	choice we have to examine what happens to the atoms for each choice. In some
2226	cases the choice might not allow the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom to have
2227	a magnetic moment so it must be rejected. We will try this in the next step. </p>
2228
2229	<h3>Step 5. Make the magnetic phase</h3>
2230
2231	<p class=MsoNormal>In the previous step we did not have to resort to any doubling
2232	of a cell axis to explain the suite of magnetic reflections, so the propagation
2233	vector is zero (in case anyone asks!). To make the magnetic cell from the
2234	chemical cell we will use the transform tool that is in GSAS-II in the General
2235	tab for the chemical structure. That tab is</p>
2236
2237	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2238	id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
2239	height:230.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2240	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image030.png" o:title=""/>
2241	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=307
2242	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image091.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16"><![endif]></span></p>
2243
2244	<p class=MsoNormal>Under the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2245	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2246	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Compute</span></b>
2247	menu item do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2248	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2249	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Transform</span></b>; a new popup
2250	dialog box will appear with stuff needed to effect a cell transformation.</p>
2251
2252	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2253	id="Picture_x0020_76" o:spid="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:274.5pt;
2254	height:327pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2255	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image029.png" o:title=""/>
2256	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=366 height=436
2257	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image029.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_76"><![endif]></span></p>
2258
2259	<p class=MsoNormal>The order of operations for the transformation is given at
2260	the top of the window; the U vector permits applying an origin shift to the atom
2261	coordinates before the transformation and the V vector is for an origin shift
2262	after the transformation. The lattice parameters are transformed by changing
2263	the metric tensor via</p>
2264
2265	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2266
2267	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>g</span> = <span class=SpellE>gM</span></p>
2268
2269	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2270
2271	<p class=MsoNormal>The atoms positions are transformed via</p>
2272
2273	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2274
2275	<p class=MsoNormal>X = M*(X-U<span class=GramE>)+</span>V</p>
2276
2277	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2278
2279	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>where</span> M* is the inverse of the
2280	transformation matrix. The anisotropic thermal parameters are transformed via</p>
2281
2282	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2283
2284	<p class=MsoNormal>U = M<sup>T</sup>UM/<span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>det</span></span><span
2285	class=GramE>(</span>M)</p>
2286
2287	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2288
2289	<p class=MsoNormal>The dialog box gives an extensive list of commonly used
2290	transformations for e.g. swapping axes. In this case we are not transforming the
2291	unit cell so the matrix is just the unit matrix (ones on diagonal) and we are
2292	not shifting the origin so U & V are zeros. We do want the new phase to be
2293	magnetic so press the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2294	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2295	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Make new
2296	phase magnetic</span></b> button; the dialog will be redrawn</p>
2297
2298	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2299	id="Picture_x0020_77" o:spid="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:274.5pt;
2300	height:324.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2301	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image031.png" o:title=""/>
2302	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=366 height=433
2303	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image031.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_77"><![endif]></span></p>
2304
2305	<p class=MsoNormal>This allows one to select possible magnetic lattice
2306	centering operations as given by the BNS nomenclature. This can be needed if
2307	one had discovered a requirement of doubling a cell axis in the previous step
2308	(e.g. a nonzero propagation vector). This is not required in this case and we
2309	are using the space group (<span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>) for the magnetic
2310	cell. Leave the box at the bottom about constraints checked as we want them to
2311	tie the two phases together.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Press <b
2312	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2313	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2314	minor-latin'>Ok</span></b> to continue; a new popup will appear</p>
2315
2316	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2317	id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:181.5pt;height:80.25pt;
2318	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2319	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image034.png" o:title=""/>
2320	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=242 height=107
2321	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image034.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081"><![endif]></span></p>
2322
2323	<p class=MsoNormal>This allows one to reject certain atoms that are known to
2324	not be magnetic; press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2325	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2326	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Ok</span></b>
2327	to continue. A new phase will be created and the General tab for it will be
2328	shown.</p>
2329
2330	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2331	id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:270pt;
2332	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2333	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image035.png" o:title=""/>
2334	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=360
2335	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image092.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080"><![endif]></span></p>
2336
2337	<p class=MsoNormal>The phase is named with mag appended to the end, the phase
2338	type is magnetic and there are magnetic spin operator selections part way down
2339	the page. You also can see the <span class=SpellE>Lande</span> g factor can be
2340	changed if needed and it only contains the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom.
2341	To see what happened with respect to constraints, select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2342	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2343	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Constraints</span></b>
2344	from the main part of the GSAS-II data tree. The ones for phases will be shown</p>
2345
2346	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2347	id="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:387.75pt;height:264.75pt;
2348	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2349	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image037.png" o:title=""/>
2350	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=517 height=353
2351	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image093.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079"><![endif]></span></p>
2352
2353	<p class=MsoNormal>This shows all the possible required constraints between the
2354	chemical structure and the magnetic one. The first eight are for the <span
2355	class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom; only the <span class=SpellE>Uiso</span> one is
2356	probably necessary for this analysis but the others will do no harm. The last
2357	three tie the lattices together. Select the <span class=SpellE><b
2358	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2359	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2360	minor-latin'>Histgram</span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2361	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2362	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>/Phase</span></b>
2363	tab</p>
2364
2365	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2366	id="Picture_x0020_32" o:spid="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:386.25pt;
2367	height:139.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2368	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image039.png" o:title=""/>
2369	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=515 height=186
2370	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image095.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_32"><![endif]></span></p>
2371
2372	<p class=MsoNormal>This gives the constraints between the two phases for scale factors
2373	(e.g. phase fractions) and the size & mustrain sample broadening terms. NB:
2374	this assumes isotropic modelling of both because the original LaMnO<sub>3</sub>
2375	was modeled that way. If you want to use one of the more complex sample
2376	broadening models, you will have to revisit this tab and put in the appropriate
2377	entries to tie those parameters together.</p>
2378
2379	<h3>Step 6. Select spin configuration</h3>
2380
2381	<p class=MsoNormal>Recall that we had found 2 spin configurations that were
2382	consistent with the observed peaks; <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> and <span
2383	class=SpellE>Pnma</span> (there was also the possibility of <span
2384	class=SpellE>Pnma</span> or <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> if one chose not
2385	to ignore that contaminating peak at ~15.69°2Θ). First lets try <span
2386	class=SpellE>Pnma</span>; select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2387	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2388	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
2389	for the middle spin selector (<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2390	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2391	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>my</span></b>);
2392	the window will be refreshed. Then select the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2393	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2394	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
2395	tab; it will show</p>
2396
2397	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2398	id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
2399	height:111.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2400	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image041.png" o:title=""/>
2401	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=149
2402	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image097.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23"><![endif]></span></p>
2403
2404	<p class=MsoNormal>The boxes that carry the magnetic moment components (<span
2405	class=SpellE>Mx</span>, My & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>) are grey
2406	indicating that no magnetic moment is allowed for the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span>
2407	atom site in the space group <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>. The site symmetry
2408	is marked as -1 indicating an inversion center with spin inversion; this
2409	precludes a magnetic moment. So we need to try the other choice, <span
2410	class=SpellE>Pnma</span>. Return to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2411	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2412	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>General</span></b>
2413	tab and change the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2414	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2415	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>mx</span></b>,
2416	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2417	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2418	minor-latin'>my</span></b> & <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2419	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2420	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>mz</span></b></span>
2421	spin operators to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2422	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2423	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>,
2424	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2425	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2426	minor-latin'>black</span></b> & <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2427	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2428	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>,
2429	respectively. The tab will refresh at each change. When done it should look
2430	like</p>
2431
2432	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2433	id="Picture_x0020_24" o:spid="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
2434	height:231pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2435	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image043.png" o:title=""/>
2436	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=308
2437	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image098.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24"><![endif]></span></p>
2438
2439	<p class=MsoNormal>It now shows the magnetic space group as <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>.
2440	The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2441	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2442	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab now shows</p>
2443
2444	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2445	id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1075" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
2446	height:121.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2447	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image045.png" o:title=""/>
2448	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=162
2449	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image099.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_25"><![endif]></span></p>
2450
2451	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>with</span> 0.0 in each of the magnetic
2452	moment components, because the site symmetry is -1 which allows a magnetic
2453	moment. We can now give the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom a magnetic
2454	moment. You can also try the other two choices, <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>
2455	and <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>. The latter can be rejected immediately
2456	because the -1 operator has spin inversion (use the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2457	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2458	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Show
2459	spins?</span></b> button to show the operators), leaving only <span
2460	class=SpellE>Pnma</span> as a possibility along with <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>.
2461	Both allow the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> site to have a magnetic moment. Put
2462	the choice to <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> (red, black & red);
2463	well test <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> later. This might be a good place to
2464	save the project; I called it <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2465	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2466	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaMnO3.gpx</span></b>.</p>
2467
2468	<h3>Step 7. Solving the magnetic structure</h3>
2469
2470	<h4 style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
2471	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
2472	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
2473	style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
2474	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model</h4>
2475
2476	<p class=MsoNormal>So now we have one or maybe two spin arrangements to
2477	consider, <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> and possibly <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>,
2478	but we do not know the magnetic moment components, <span class=SpellE>Mx</span>,
2479	My & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>. However, since the 1<sup>st </sup>reflection
2480	(the 010) is magnetic and strong, it is likely that the value of <span
2481	class=GramE>My=</span>0. We can force this (to avoid refinement problems) by
2482	making a hold on its value. Select the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2483	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2484	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Constraints</span></b>
2485	item from the GSAS-II tree; it will show the constraints generated when the
2486	magnetic phase was made</p>
2487
2488	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2489	id="Picture_x0020_26" o:spid="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:315.75pt;
2490	height:230.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2491	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image047.png" o:title=""/>
2492	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=421 height=307
2493	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image100.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_26"><![endif]></span></p>
2494
2495	<p class=MsoNormal>Under the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2496	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2497	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Edit <span
2498	class=SpellE>Costr</span>.</span></b> <span class=GramE>menu</span> item do <b
2499	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2500	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2501	minor-latin'>Add hold</span></b>; a Hold phase variable window will appear</p>
2502
2503	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2504	id="Picture_x0020_34" o:spid="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:333pt;
2505	height:168.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2506	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image049.png" o:title=""/>
2507	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=444 height=225
2508	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image101.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_34"><![endif]></span></p>
2509
2510	<p class=MsoNormal>Scroll down to the bottom and select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2511	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2512	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>1:<span
2513	class=GramE>:AMy:0</span></span></b> and press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2514	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2515	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>.
2516	The constraints will have a new entry giving the hold on <span class=GramE>My</span>
2517	for the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom at the bottom of the list. </p>
2518
2519	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2520	id="Picture_x0020_35" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:312pt;
2521	height:227.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2522	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image051.png" o:title=""/>
2523	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=416 height=303
2524	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image102.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_35"><![endif]></span></p>
2525
2526	<p class=MsoNormal>Now return to phases and select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2527	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2528	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>La
2529	<span class=SpellE>Mn</span> O3 mag</span></b> and the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2530	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2531	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
2532	tab; you should see</p>
2533
2534	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2535	id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1071" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:366.75pt;
2536	height:75.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2537	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image053.png" o:title=""/>
2538	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=489 height=101
2539	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image103.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_37"><![endif]></span></p>
2540
2541	<p class=MsoNormal>The least squares will not begin a refinement of <span
2542	class=SpellE>Mx</span> & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> starting from zero
2543	since either +/- values are equally possible; the result will be a singularity.
2544	So these values must be offset so set them to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2545	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2546	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>1.0</span></b>
2547	each. Save the project as <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2548	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2549	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaMnO3 try1</span></b>.
2550	Do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2551	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2552	minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>; the refinement will quickly converge
2553	to <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~14% and the powder plot will look like</p>
2554
2555	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2556	id="Picture_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:463.5pt;
2557	height:425.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2558	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image055.png" o:title=""/>
2559	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=618 height=567
2560	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image105.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_30"><![endif]></span></p>
2561
2562	<p class=MsoNormal>There does not appear to be any calculated magnetic
2563	intensity, but a zoom onto the low angle (10-30°2Θ) part of the pattern
2564	shows that some intensity was obtained, but clearly not enough.</p>
2565
2566	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2567	id="Picture_x0020_31" o:spid="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:463.5pt;
2568	height:425.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2569	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image057.png" o:title=""/>
2570	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=618 height=567
2571	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image107.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_31"><![endif]></span></p>
2572
2573	<p class=MsoNormal>The magnetic moment is clearly too small; to let the least
2574	squares find a better value set the refine flag for <span class=SpellE>Mn</span>
2575	to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2576	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2577	minor-latin'>M</span></b> and repeat <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2578	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2579	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>.
2580	The residual will drop considerably to <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~8.7% and
2581	the low angle portion will show a much better fit.</p>
2582
2583	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2584	id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:463.5pt;height:426pt;
2585	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2586	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image059.png" o:title=""/>
2587	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=618 height=568
2588	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image108.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068"><![endif]></span></p>
2589
2590	<p class=MsoNormal>This appears to be a reasonable solution; a more complete
2591	refinement still needs to be done, well do that in the next step after we test
2592	the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model. Save the project (should be <b
2593	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2594	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2595	minor-latin'>LaMnO3 try1</span></b>).</p>
2596
2597	<h4 style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
2598	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
2599	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
2600	style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
2601	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model</h4>
2602
2603	<p class=MsoNormal>Now reopen the original <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2604	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2605	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaMnO3.gpx</span></b>
2606	file saved at the end of Step 6 above. Select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2607	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2608	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>La
2609	<span class=SpellE>Mn</span> O3 mag</span></b> phase from the GSAS-II tree; the
2610	General tab will be shown</p>
2611
2612	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2613	id="Picture_x0020_33" o:spid="_x0000_i1067" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:465.75pt;
2614	height:263.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2615	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image061.png" o:title=""/>
2616	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=621 height=351
2617	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image109.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_33"><![endif]></span></p>
2618
2619	<p class=MsoNormal>Now set the spin operators to all <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2620	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2621	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>black</span></b>
2622	for <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> and then select the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2623	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2624	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
2625	tab</p>
2626
2627	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2628	id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:464.25pt;
2629	height:93pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2630	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image063.png" o:title=""/>
2631	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=619 height=124
2632	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image113.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18"><![endif]></span></p>
2633
2634	<p class=MsoNormal>Again, one can make the same argument that since the 010
2635	reflection is large then <span class=GramE>My</span> should be zero. Set <span
2636	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2637	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2638	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Mx</span></b></span> & <span
2639	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2640	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2641	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Mz</span></b></span> to 1.0 and
2642	then go to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2643	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2644	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Constraints</span></b> and set the
2645	hold on <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2646	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2647	minor-latin'>1:<span class=GramE>:AMy:0</span></span></b>. Save the project as <b
2648	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2649	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2650	minor-latin'>LaMnO3 try2</span></b>. Do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2651	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2652	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>
2653	from the main menu to do a Rietveld refinement. It converges to <span
2654	class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~14%; about the same as the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>
2655	model at the same step. The low angle portion of the powder pattern shows</p>
2656
2657	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2658	id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:464.25pt;
2659	height:426pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2660	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image065.png" o:title=""/>
2661	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=619 height=568
2662	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image115.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19"><![endif]></span></p>
2663
2664	<p class=MsoNormal>There is intensity in the lowest angle reflection (the 010)
2665	but not enough. Again well try to refine the <span class=SpellE>Mx</span>
2666	& <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> components to see what happens. Set the
2667	refine flag for <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2668	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2669	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b>
2670	and repeat <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2671	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2672	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>. The
2673	residual will drop to <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~10% and the low angle
2674	portion will show a much better fit which is very similar, but slightly poorer
2675	than the result from the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model. To see how,
2676	examine a slightly higher angle region (30-55°2Θ) and compare it with the
2677	same region for the plot for the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model (youll
2678	need2 instances of GSAS-II running to do this)</p>
2679
2680	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2681	id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:459pt;
2682	height:188.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2683	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image104.png" o:title=""/>
2684	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=612 height=251
2685	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image116.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20"><![endif]></span></p>
2686
2687	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2688	id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:457.5pt;
2689	height:176.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2690	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image106.png" o:title=""/>
2691	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=610 height=235
2692	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image117.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21"><![endif]></span></p>
2693
2694	<p class=MsoNormal>You can see in particular at the pair of peaks at 33.3 and
2695	34.4°2Θ that are well fit by the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model
2696	and not by the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> one. On this basis the <span
2697	class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model is rejected and the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>
2698	is selected as probably correct. NB: neither model produced any intensity for
2699	the peak at ~15.69°2Θ, so it is most likely to be from a minor
2700	contaminating phase; we can either ignore it or exclude it in the final
2701	refinements.</p>
2702
2703	<h3>Step 8. Complete refinement of the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span> model
2704	for LaMnO<sub>3</sub></h3>
2705
2706	<p class=MsoNormal>Reload the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2707	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2708	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaMnO3
2709	try1.gpx</span></b> project file which should have the <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>
2710	model for the magnetic structure, and look at the powder pattern to decide how
2711	to proceed to complete the refinement.</p>
2712
2713	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2714	id="Picture_x0020_38" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:454.5pt;
2715	height:396pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2716	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image110.png" o:title=""/>
2717	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=606 height=528
2718	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image118.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_38"><![endif]></span></p>
2719
2720	<p class=MsoNormal>Looking at the plot, it would seem that the lattice
2721	parameters and sample position need to be refined. It is important to remember
2722	that if a parameter in one phase is varied then the corresponding one in the
2723	other phase must also be varied, otherwise GSAS-II will report the error and
2724	refuse to attempt the refinement. To set refinement of the lattice parameters,
2725	bring up the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2726	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2727	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>General</span></b> tab for each
2728	phase & check the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2729	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2730	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Refine unit
2731	cell</span></b> box for the lattice parameters. Then select <b
2732	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2733	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2734	minor-latin'>Sample Parameters</span></b> for the PWDR entry</p>
2735
2736	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2737	id="Picture_x0020_39" o:spid="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:359.25pt;
2738	height:237.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2739	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image114.png" o:title=""/>
2740	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=479 height=317
2741	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image122.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_39"><![endif]></span></p>
2742
2743	<p class=MsoNormal>Since the scan covers a very wide range in 2<span
2744	style='font-family:Symbol'>Q</span>, both sample displacements can be refined.
2745	Check both <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2746	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2747	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Sample X</span></b> and <b
2748	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2749	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2750	minor-latin'>Y <span class=SpellE>displ</span></span></b> parameters. NB: if
2751	the correct <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2752	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2753	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Goniometer radius</span></b> (<b
2754	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2755	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2756	minor-latin'>650</span></b>mm) is used, these displacements will be in microns.
2757	Also, it would appear that the instrument parameters do not adequately describe
2758	the anisotropic broadening of the lowest angle reflection so we will need to
2759	include that. Select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2760	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2761	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Instrument
2762	Parameters</span></b> from the PWDR entry and check the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
2763	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
2764	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>SH/L
2765	Refine</span></b> box. Now do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2766	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2767	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>
2768	until convergence is achieved (i.e. <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> doesnt
2769	change). This will be 2-3 times. When done my <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> was
2770	~6.6% with a nice clean plot</p>
2771
2772	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2773	id="Picture_x0020_40" o:spid="_x0000_i1060" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:465pt;
2774	height:404.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2775	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image072.png" o:title=""/>
2776	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=620 height=539
2777	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image123.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_40"><![endif]></span></p>
2778
2779	<p class=MsoNormal>Now we can add refinement of the atom positions and thermal
2780	parameters. For <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2781	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2782	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab of the <b
2783	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2784	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2785	minor-latin'>La <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> O3</span></b> </p>
2786
2787	<p class=MsoNormal>Phase, double click the refine column heading and select <b
2788	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2789	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2790	minor-latin'>X</span></b> & <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2791	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2792	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>U.</span></b>
2793	This will add these parameters as allowed by symmetry to the refinement. Now go
2794	to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2795	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2796	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab for <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2797	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2798	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>La <span
2799	class=SpellE>Mn</span> O3 mag</span></b> and double click the refine tab.
2800	Select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2801	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2802	minor-latin'>U</span></b> & <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2803	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2804	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b>;
2805	the <span class=SpellE>Uiso</span> for the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom is
2806	tied via a constraint to the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> in the other phase.
2807	Now select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2808	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2809	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Background</span></b> from the <b
2810	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2811	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2812	minor-latin'>PWDR</span></b> entry and increase the number of terms to <b
2813	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2814	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2815	minor-latin'>6</span></b>. Finally do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2816	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2817	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>
2818	until convergence (1-2 times). My <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> was 6.29% with
2819	a plot that is hardly different from the previous one. If you press the <b
2820	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2821	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2822	minor-latin'>W</span></b> key with the focus on the plot, GSAS-II will show
2823	the weighted difference curve below the plot</p>
2824
2825	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2826	id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:461.25pt;
2827	height:395.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2828	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image121.png" o:title=""/>
2829	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=615 height=527
2830	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image124.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_41"><![endif]></span></p>
2831
2832	<p class=MsoNormal>This curve shows a couple of peaks which are from some
2833	contaminating phase, but otherwise the fluctuations are mostly within 2<span
2834	style='font-family:Symbol'>s</span> of zero. Finally examine the magnetic
2835	moment components of the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom; <span class=SpellE><b
2836	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2837	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2838	minor-latin'>Mz</span></b></span> is close to zero. It is likely that it is
2839	zero; set it to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2840	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2841	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>zero</span></b> and then go to the
2842	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2843	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2844	minor-latin'>Constraints</span></b> tree item and add a hold for the <b
2845	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2846	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2847	minor-latin'>1::AMz:0</span></b> parameter so that it stays at zero. Repeat the
2848	refinement; the residual is unchanged showing that setting <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>=0
2849	was a valid assumption.</p>
2850
2851	<h3>Step 9. Draw the magnetic structure of LaMnO<sub>3</sub></h3>
2852
2853	<p class=MsoNormal>To draw the magnetic structure select the <b
2854	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2855	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2856	minor-latin'>Draw Atoms</span></b> tab for the magnetic phase. The table will
2857	have a single line matching that of the Atoms table with a few extra columns.</p>
2858
2859	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2860	id="Picture_x0020_42" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:461.25pt;
2861	height:96.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2862	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image111.png" o:title=""/>
2863	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=615 height=129
2864	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image125.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_42"><![endif]></span></p>
2865
2866	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2867
2868	<p class=MsoNormal>The plot will show one atom with magnetic moment. Select the
2869	atom in the table and do <span class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2870	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2871	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Edit</span></b></span><b
2872	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2873	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2874	minor-latin'> Figure/Fill unit cell</span></b>. The table will show additional
2875	entries</p>
2876
2877	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2878	id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:462pt;
2879	height:185.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2880	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image119.png" o:title=""/>
2881	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=616 height=247
2882	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image131.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_44"><![endif]></span></p>
2883
2884	<p class=MsoNormal>The plot will show the unit cell contents of <span
2885	class=SpellE>Mn</span> atoms each with its magnetic moment; they are arranged
2886	in layers along the b-axis with the <span class=GramE>moments</span>
2887	antiparallel from one layer to the next. Some are red indicating that a spin
2888	inversion operation was applied for that atom moment.</p>
2889
2890	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
2891	id="Picture_x0020_45" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:457.5pt;
2892	height:384.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
2893	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image126.png" o:title=""/>
2894	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=610 height=513
2895	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image132.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_45"><![endif]></span></p>
2896
2897	<p class=MsoNormal>This completes this tutorial; you can save the project if
2898	you wish & close GSAS-II.</p>
2899
2900	<h2>Simple Ferromagnet: La<sub>0.7</sub>Ca<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3.</sub></h2>
2901
2902	<p class=MsoNormal>The magnetic structure of LaMnO<sub>3</sub> can be
2903	profoundly changed by addition of Ca in place of some of the La; in this case
2904	ferromagnetic ordering apparently was obtained. This tutorial will investigate
2905	that from neutron powder data collected at 50K on the same instrument as the
2906	first exercise (BT1 at NIST; thanks to Qingzhen Huang for providing the data).
2907	Start GSAS-II if you have not done so already.</p>
2908
2909	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
2910
2911	<h3>Step 1: Read in the data file</h3>
2912
2913	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
2914	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo10'><![if !supportLists]><span
2915	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
2916	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Use
2917	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2918	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2919	minor-latin'>Import/Powder Data/from GSAS powder data file</span></b> menu item
2920	to read the data file into the current GSAS-II project. This read option is set
2921	to read any of the powder data formats defined for GSAS (angles in <span
2922	class=SpellE>centidegrees</span>, TOF in µsec). Other submenu items will read
2923	the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2924	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2925	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>cif</span></b></span>
2926	format or the <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2927	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2928	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>xye</span></b></span>
2929	format (angles in degrees) used by <span class=SpellE>Topas</span>, etc.<span
2930	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In those cases, you would change the file
2931	directory to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2932	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2933	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>cif</span></b> format or the <span
2934	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2935	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2936	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>xye</span></b></span> format
2937	(angles in degrees) used by <span class=SpellE>Topas</span>, etc. to see them.
2938	Because you used <span style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
2939	minor-latin'>the </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2940	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2941	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2942	minor-latin'>Help/Download tutorial</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
2943	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'> menu entry to open this page and
2944	downloaded the exercise files (recommended), then the </span><span
2945	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2946	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
2947	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>SimpleMagnetic</span></b></span><b
2948	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2949	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
2950	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>/data/...</span></b><span
2951	style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>
2952	entry will bring you to the location where the files have been downloaded. (It
2953	is also possible to download them manually from <a
2954	href="https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/">https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/</a>.
2955	In this case you will need to navigate to the download location manually.)<br>
2956	For this tutorial you should see the data file in the file browser, but if
2957	extensions on data files are not the expected ones, you may need to change the
2958	file type to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>All files (.)</b> to find
2959	the desired file.</span></p>
2960
2961	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:
2962	auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo10'><![if !supportLists]><span
2963	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
2964	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Select
2965	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2966	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2967	minor-latin'>La7Ca3MnO3_50K.gsas</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2968	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2969	minor-latin'> data</span> file in the first dialog and press <b
2970	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2971	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2972	minor-latin'>Open</span></b>. There will be a Dialog box asking <span
2973	class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
2974	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
2975	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Is</span></b></span><b
2976	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2977	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2978	minor-latin'> this the file you want?</span></b> Press <span class=GramE><b
2979	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2980	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2981	minor-latin'>Yes</span></b></span> button to proceed.</p>
2982
2983	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
2984	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo10'><![if !supportLists]><span
2985	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
2986	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Since
2987	this data file does not define an instrument parameter file, a file dialog will
2988	appear for you to select the correct instrument parameter file. Select <b
2989	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2990	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2991	minor-latin'>BT1_Cu300.inst</span></b>; you may have to change the file type in
2992	the file selection Dialog box to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
2993	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
2994	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>GSAS <span
2995	class=SpellE>iparm</span> file</span></b> to see it. At this point the <b
2996	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
2997	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
2998	minor-latin'>GSAS-II data tree</span></b> window will have several entries </p>
2999
3000	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3001	id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:195.75pt;
3002	height:207pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3003	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image067.png" o:title=""/>
3004	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=261 height=276
3005	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image133.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_27"><![endif]></span></p>
3006
3007	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span class=GramE>and</span> the
3008	plot window will show the powder pattern</p>
3009
3010	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3011	id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:447pt;
3012	height:407.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3013	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image069.png" o:title=""/>
3014	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=596 height=543
3015	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image135.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_28"><![endif]></span></p>
3016
3017	<h3>Step 2: Select Limits </h3>
3018
3019	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This pattern has more
3020	data than we need, so it is helpful to cut down the range. Click on the <b
3021	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3022	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3023	minor-latin'>Limits</span></b> item in the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3024	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3025	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>GSAS-II data tree</span></b>. Use the <b
3026	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3027	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3028	minor-latin'>New:</span></b> row of entry boxes to set <span class=SpellE><b
3029	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3030	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3031	minor-latin'>Tmin</span></b></span> and <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3032	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3033	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Tmax</span></b></span>
3034	to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3035	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>18</span></b>
3036	and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3037	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3038	minor-latin'>157.5</span></b>. Notice on the plot that the limit lines have
3039	moved to these positions; the green lower limit is just below the small 1<sup>st</sup>
3040	peak and the red upper limit is just below that last broad hump. You may also
3041	drag the limit lines to the desired location or place them by a left mouse
3042	click on a data point for the lower limit or a right click on a data point for
3043	the upper limit.</p>
3044
3045	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3046	id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
3047	height:426pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3048	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image071.png" o:title=""/>
3049	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=568
3050	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image137.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_29"><![endif]></span></p>
3051
3052	<h3><a name="sucrose_peak_fit"></a>Step 3: Read in the chemical structure for
3053	La<sub>0.7</sub>Ca<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub></h3>
3054
3055	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
3056	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
3057	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
3058	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Use
3059	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3060	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3061	minor-latin'>Import/Phase/from CIF file</span></b> menu item to read the phase
3062	information for LaMnO<sub>3</sub> into the current GSAS-II project. This read
3063	option is set to read Crystallographic Information Files (CIF). Other submenu
3064	items will read phase information in other formats.<span
3065	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Because you used <span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
3066	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>the </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3067	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3068	minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
3069	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Help/Download tutorial</span></b><span
3070	style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'>
3071	menu entry to open this page and downloaded the exercise files (recommended),
3072	then the </span><span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3073	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3074	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3075	minor-latin'>SimpleMagnetic</span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3076	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3077	minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
3078	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>/data/...</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
3079	Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin'> entry will bring you to the
3080	location where the files have been downloaded. (It is also possible to download
3081	them manually from <a
3082	href="https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/">https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/pyGSAS/Exercises/SimpleMagnetic/</a>.
3083	In this case you will need to navigate to the download location manually.)</span></p>
3084
3085	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
3086	text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
3087	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
3088	style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      </span></span></span><![endif]>Select
3089	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3090	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3091	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3.cif</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3092	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3093	minor-latin'> data</span> file in the first dialog and press <b
3094	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3095	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3096	minor-latin'>Open</span></b>. There will be a Dialog box asking <span
3097	class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3098	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3099	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Is</span></b></span><b
3100	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3101	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3102	minor-latin'> this the file you want?</span></b> Press <span class=GramE><b
3103	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3104	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3105	minor-latin'>Yes</span></b></span> button to proceed. You will get the
3106	opportunity to change the phase name next; press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3107	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3108	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>
3109	to continue.</p>
3110
3111	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'>Next is the histogram selection
3112	window; this connects the phase to the data so it can be used in subsequent</p>
3113
3114	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3115	id="Picture_x0020_46" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:210pt;
3116	height:168pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3117	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image134.png" o:title=""/>
3118	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=280 height=224
3119	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image139.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_46"><![endif]></span></p>
3120
3121	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'>Select the histogram (or press <b
3122	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3123	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3124	minor-latin'>Set All</span></b>) and press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3125	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3126	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>.
3127	The General tab for the phase is shown next<br>
3128	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_47"
3129	o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:448.5pt;height:228pt;
3130	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3131	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image136.png" o:title=""/>
3132	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=598 height=304
3133	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image161.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_47"><![endif]></span></p>
3134
3135	<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'>Notice that the space group from
3136	the <span class=SpellE>cif</span> file is <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span>; this
3137	is a nonstandard setting of <span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>. GSAS-II can treat
3138	this case just as well as the standard setting so we can proceed without any
3139	concern.</p>
3140
3141	<h3>Step 4. Check powder pattern indexing</h3>
3142
3143	<p class=MsoNormal>Here the objective is to determine how the reflection
3144	positions generated from the chemical (nuclear) crystal structure lattice
3145	match up with the peaks observed for this antiferromagnet. </p>
3146
3147	<p class=MsoNormal>Select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3148	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3149	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Unit Cells
3150	List</span></b> from the tree entries under the histogram (begins with PWDR);
3151	the Indexing controls will be shown<br>
3152	<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_48"
3153	o:spid="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:466.5pt;height:165.75pt;
3154	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3155	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image138.png" o:title=""/>
3156	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=622 height=221
3157	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image162.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_48"><![endif]></span></p>
3158
3159	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>This
3160	can be use lattice parameters & space groups to generate expected
3161	reflection positions to check against the peaks in the powder pattern. Do <b
3162	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3163	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3164	minor-latin'>Cell Index/Refine/Load Cell</span></b> from the menu; a Phase
3165	selection box will appear with only one choice. This was taken from the Phases
3166	present in this project; there could be more than one depending on what you
3167	loaded/created earlier. The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3168	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3169	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Import</span></b>
3170	menu item allows you to get lattice information from any one of the other phase
3171	containing files known to GSAS-II. Press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3172	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3173	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>OK</span></b>
3174	and the Indexing controls will be change</p>
3175
3176	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3177	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_49"
3178	o:spid="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:466.5pt;height:165.75pt;
3179	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3180	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image143.png" o:title=""/>
3181	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=622 height=221
3182	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image163.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_49"><![endif]></span><br
3183	style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
3184	<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
3185	<![endif]></p>
3186
3187	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>showing</span> the lattice constants for
3188	LaCaMnO<sub>3</sub> you had obtained from the <span class=SpellE>cif</span>
3189	file. Note that the space group is set to that of the <span class=SpellE>Bravais</span>
3190	lattice (P m <span class=SpellE>m</span> m) and not the space group for LaCaMnO<sub>3</sub>
3191	(P b n m).</p>
3192
3193	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Press
3194	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3195	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3196	minor-latin'>Show <span class=SpellE>hkl</span> positions</span></b> button;
3197	after a short pause (while reflections are generated), the plot will show the
3198	calculated reflection line positions. Zoom in on the lowest part of the pattern
3199	to see details of the indexing<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3200	id="Picture_x0020_50" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:465.75pt;
3201	height:327pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3202	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image145.png" o:title=""/>
3203	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=621 height=436
3204	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image164.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_50"><![endif]></span></p>
3205
3206	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Note
3207	that almost every observed peak is indexed; even the two weak peaks that are on
3208	either side of the 1<sup>st</sup> strong peak. More about those later. There is
3209	also a few seemingly misplaced unindexed lines (at 37.4, 53.9 &
3210	67.4°2Θ); probably some contaminating minor phase. Well have to ignore
3211	them. Change the space group to <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span>; the indexing
3212	will change.</p>
3213
3214	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3215	id="Picture_x0020_51" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468.75pt;
3216	height:329.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3217	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image147.png" o:title=""/>
3218	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=625 height=439
3219	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image165.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_51"><![endif]></span><br>
3220	Then check the box <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3221	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3222	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Magnetic<span
3223	class=GramE>?<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>;</span></span></span></b>
3224	the tab will be changed showing some more options</p>
3225
3226	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3227	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_52"
3228	o:spid="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:467.25pt;height:149.25pt;
3229	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3230	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image149.png" o:title=""/>
3231	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=623 height=199
3232	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image166.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_52"><![endif]></span></p>
3233
3234	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Because
3235	the sample is ferromagnetic, all the magnetic scattering could be expected to
3236	coincide with the scattering from the chemical cell. There are no extra
3237	reflections; making it difficult to discern which spin configuration is
3238	appropriate without knowing the scattering from the chemical cell. Changing the
3239	spins will cause the lowest index lines to be extinct (as antiferromagnetic
3240	selections are made); these can be seen by moving the lower limit to below
3241	10°2Θ. The problem is that they may have no intensity because of the
3242	moment directions, e.g. if only <span class=SpellE>M<sub>x</sub></span> ≠
3243	0, then all F<sub>h00</sub> (parallel to the moment) will be zero even if
3244	allowed by the magnetic symmetry. Thus, we will have to defer this testing
3245	until after we have a computed pattern from the chemical cell and can compute
3246	some trial patterns from the magnetic cell.</p>
3247
3248	<h3>Step 5. Make the magnetic phase</h3>
3249
3250	<p class=MsoNormal>In the previous step we did not have to resort to any
3251	doubling of a cell axis to explain the suite of magnetic reflections, so the
3252	propagation vector is zero (in case anyone asks!). To make the magnetic cell
3253	from the chemical cell we will use the transform tool that is in GSAS-II in the
3254	General tab for the chemical structure. That tab is</p>
3255
3256	<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3257	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_53"
3258	o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:467.25pt;height:206.25pt;
3259	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3260	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image151.png" o:title=""/>
3261	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=623 height=275
3262	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image167.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_53"><![endif]></span></p>
3263
3264	<p class=MsoNormal>Under the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3265	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3266	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Compute</span></b>
3267	menu item do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3268	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3269	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Transform</span></b>; a new popup
3270	dialog box will appear with stuff needed to effect a cell transformation.</p>
3271
3272	<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3273	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_78"
3274	o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:274.5pt;height:327pt;
3275	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3276	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image142.png" o:title=""/>
3277	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=366 height=436
3278	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image142.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_78"><![endif]></span></p>
3279
3280	<p class=MsoNormal>The order of operations for the transformation is given at
3281	the top of the window; this was described in the 1<sup>st</sup> part of this
3282	tutorial. We do want the new phase to be magnetic so press the <b
3283	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3284	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3285	minor-latin'>Make new phase magnetic</span></b> button; the dialog will be
3286	redrawn</p>
3287
3288	<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3289	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_79"
3290	o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:212.25pt;height:252.75pt;
3291	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3292	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image144.png" o:title=""/>
3293	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=283 height=337
3294	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image144.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_79"><![endif]></span></p>
3295
3296	<p class=MsoNormal>This allows one to select possible magnetic lattice
3297	centering operations as given by the BNS nomenclature. This can be needed if
3298	one had discovered a requirement of doubling a cell axis in the previous step
3299	(e.g. a nonzero propagation vector). This is not required in this case and we
3300	are using the same nonstandard space group (<span class=SpellE>Pnma</span>) for
3301	the magnetic cell that is used for the chemical cell. Leave the box at the
3302	bottom about constraints checked as we want them to tie the two phases
3303	together.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3304	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3305	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Ok</span></b>
3306	to continue; a new popup will appear</p>
3307
3308	<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3309	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_56"
3310	o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:147pt;height:65.25pt;
3311	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3312	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image157.png" o:title=""/>
3313	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=196 height=87
3314	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image168.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_56"><![endif]></span></p>
3315
3316	<p class=MsoNormal>This allows one to reject certain atoms that are known to
3317	not be magnetic; press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3318	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3319	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Ok</span></b>
3320	to continue. A new phase will be created and the General tab for it will be
3321	shown.</p>
3322
3323	<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3324	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_57"
3325	o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:464.25pt;height:273.75pt;
3326	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3327	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image159.png" o:title=""/>
3328	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=619 height=365
3329	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image169.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_57"><![endif]></span></p>
3330
3331	<p class=MsoNormal>The phase is named with mag appended to the end, the phase
3332	type is magnetic and there are magnetic spin operator selections part way down
3333	the page; they are all black. You also can see the <span class=SpellE>Lande</span>
3334	g factor can be changed if needed and the phase only contains the <span
3335	class=SpellE>Mn</span> atom. As before the appropriate constraints have been
3336	built linking the two phases together. Look at Constraints if you wish to see
3337	them.</p>
3338
3339	<h3>Step 6. Select spin configuration</h3>
3340
3341	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Select
3342	the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3343	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3344	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab, the parameters for <span class=SpellE>Mn</span>
3345	are shown</p>
3346
3347	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3348	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_58"
3349	o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468.75pt;height:107.25pt;
3350	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3351	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image170.png" o:title=""/>
3352	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=625 height=143
3353	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image171.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_58"><![endif]></span></p>
3354
3355	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Notice
3356	that <span class=SpellE>Mx</span>, My & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> are
3357	shown with 0.0 for each and the site symmetry is -1; an inversion with no
3358	spin flip allows the site to have a magnetic moment. So the all black
3359	configuration is possible on the basis of the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> site
3360	symmetry. If you make one of the spin operators <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3361	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3362	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
3363	(say <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3364	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3365	minor-latin'>mx</span></b>) and then press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3366	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3367	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Show spins<span
3368	class=GramE>?<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:normal'>,</span></span></span></b>
3369	the popup will show a red <span style='color:red'>(-1)</span> symbol indicating
3370	that the inversion operation (#5) also has a spin inversion. This spin
3371	arrangement wouldnt allow the <span class=SpellE>Mn</span> to have a moment so
3372	it must be rejected.</p>
3373
3374	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3375	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3376	id="Picture_x0020_60" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:240pt;
3377	height:199.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3378	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image172.png" o:title=""/>
3379	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=320 height=266
3380	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image173.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_60"><![endif]></span></p>
3381
3382	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>The
3383	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3384	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3385	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab would show <span class=SpellE>Mx</span>, My
3386	& <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> as gray indicating that they cannot have a
3387	nonzero value.</p>
3388
3389	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3390	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_61"
3391	o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:475.5pt;height:99.75pt;
3392	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3393	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image174.png" o:title=""/>
3394	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=634 height=133
3395	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image177.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_61"><![endif]></span></p>
3396
3397	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>If
3398	you try other spin configurations this way, you will quickly see that an odd
3399	number of spin flips will yield for <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span> inversions
3400	centers with spin flips and all must be rejected on that basis leaving only
3401	configurations with an even number of spin flips (e.g. <span class=SpellE>bbb</span>,
3402	<span class=SpellE>rrb</span>, <span class=SpellE>rbr</span> and <span
3403	class=SpellE>brr</span>) for which the inversion center does not have a spin
3404	flip and thus can carry a magnetic moment. We will have to test each in turn,
3405	moreover the moment direction also needs to be established (e.g. values of <span
3406	class=SpellE>Mx</span>, My & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>).</p>
3407
3408	<h3>Step 7. Solving the magnetic structure - Trial and Error</h3>
3409
3410	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Because
3411	of the equivalence of ± <span class=SpellE>Mx</span>, ± <span class=GramE>My</span>
3412	and ± <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>, the least squares will show singular matrix
3413	behavior if any are started at zero. So we must begin any test refinement with
3414	nonzero moment components. We may discover later that some moment component is
3415	nearly zero; it can then be set to zero and a hold placed on that value to
3416	avoid the singularity. We will need to test each spin configuration in turn
3417	& then compare them to find the best one. To proceed select the <span
3418	class=SpellE>the</span> magnetic phase and set the spins to <span
3419	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3420	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3421	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>bbb</span></b></span> (i.e. all <b
3422	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3423	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3424	minor-latin'>black</span></b>). Then select the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3425	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3426	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
3427	tab and enter <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3428	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3429	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>1.0</span></b> for each of <span
3430	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3431	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3432	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Mx</span></b></span>, <b
3433	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3434	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3435	minor-latin'>My</span></b> & <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3436	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3437	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Mz</span></b></span>;
3438	this provides a suitable starting point. The default refinement is just scale
3439	factor & background; do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3440	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3441	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>.
3442	It will quickly converge to <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~15.5% and the plot
3443	will look like</p>
3444
3445	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'><span
3446	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_64"
3447	o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:519pt;height:364.5pt;
3448	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3449	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image176.png" o:title=""/>
3450	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=692 height=486
3451	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image181.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_64"><![endif]></span></p>
3452
3453	<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:0in;mso-add-space:auto'>Clearly
3454	there is intensity mismatches at low angles because the magnetic structure is
3455	incorrect, but there is also misfits due to peak position errors. We can refine
3456	lattice parameters and sample position to address this. Select each phase in
3457	turn and select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3458	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3459	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Refine unit cell</span></b> on the
3460	<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3461	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3462	minor-latin'>General</span></b> tab for each; the constraints connecting them
3463	were built earlier by the Transform operation in GSAS-II. Next select <b
3464	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3465	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3466	minor-latin'>Sample Parameters</span></b> under the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3467	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3468	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>PWDR</span></b>
3469	entry and select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3470	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3471	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Sample X <span class=SpellE>displ</span></span></b>
3472	and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3473	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3474	minor-latin'>Sample Y <span class=SpellE>displ</span></span></b> for
3475	refinement; change <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3476	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3477	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Goniometer
3478	radius</span></b> to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3479	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3480	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>650</span></b>
3481	so the result is in microns. Now do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3482	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3483	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>
3484	again; <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> will drop slightly (mine was ~13.6%). <b
3485	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3486	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3487	minor-latin'>Save</span></b> the project, and do a <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3488	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3489	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Save
3490	Project as<span class=GramE>..</span></span></b> <span class=GramE>and</span>
3491	name it <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3492	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3493	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3 <span class=SpellE>bbb.gpx</span></span></b> (the <span
3494	class=SpellE>gpx</span> is assumed & the <span class=SpellE>bbb</span>
3495	refers to the <span class=SpellE>all black</span> configuration which we will
3496	test next. The saved LaCaMnO3.gpx will then be our starting point for testing
3497	the spin configurations.</p>
3498
3499	<h4 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo14'><![if !supportLists]><span
3500	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
3501	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
3502	style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
3503	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE>bbb</span>
3504	configuration <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span></h4>
3505
3506	<p class=MsoNormal>To test the magnetic configuration, we need to refine the
3507	magnetic moment components to obtain the optimal values for the spin
3508	configuration and thus the best fit. Select the magnetic phase and go to the <b
3509	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3510	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3511	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab. Then double click the refine column heading
3512	and select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3513	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3514	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b> from the popup
3515	dialog. It should look like</p>
3516
3517	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3518	id="Picture_x0020_63" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
3519	height:89.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3520	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image178.png" o:title=""/>
3521	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=119
3522	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image183.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_63"><![endif]></span></p>
3523
3524	<p class=MsoNormal>Then do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3525	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3526	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>
3527	from the main menu, it converges quickly (<span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~11.8%)
3528	and still a poor fit for the low angle reflections</p>
3529
3530	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3531	id="Picture_x0020_65" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468.75pt;
3532	height:329.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3533	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image180.png" o:title=""/>
3534	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=625 height=439
3535	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image185.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_65"><![endif]></span></p>
3536
3537	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>and</span> the magnetic moment components
3538	are</p>
3539
3540	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3541	id="Picture_x0020_66" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:471pt;
3542	height:92.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3543	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image182.png" o:title=""/>
3544	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=628 height=123
3545	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image187.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_66"><![endif]></span></p>
3546
3547	<p class=MsoNormal>So we test the next possibility.</p>
3548
3549	<h4 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo14'><![if !supportLists]><span
3550	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
3551	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
3552	style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
3553	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>rrb</span></span>
3554	configuration <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span></h4>
3555
3556	<p class=MsoNormal>Since we want to be able to compare results, start a new
3557	GSAS-II and open the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3558	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3559	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3.gpx</span></b>
3560	project. Immediately do a <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3561	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3562	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Save Project
3563	as</span></b> and name it <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3564	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3565	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3 <span
3566	class=SpellE>rrb.gpx</span></span></b> (this step might easily be forgotten and
3567	then your reference starting structure will be lost!). Then select the magnetic
3568	phase and the General tab is displayed. Set the spin configuration to <b
3569	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3570	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3571	minor-latin'>red</span></b>, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3572	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3573	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
3574	<span class=GramE>& </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3575	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3576	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>black</span></b>.
3577	Then go to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3578	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3579	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab and set the <b
3580	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3581	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3582	minor-latin'>refine</span></b> flag to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3583	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3584	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b>;
3585	then do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3586	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3587	minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>. The residual will immediately drop to
3588	<span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~8.0% which is much better than the <span
3589	class=SpellE>bbb</span> spin configuration and the plot gives a far better fit
3590	to the low angle peaks</p>
3591
3592	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3593	id="Picture_x0020_67" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:472.5pt;
3594	height:331.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3595	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image184.png" o:title=""/>
3596	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=630 height=442
3597	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image189.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_67"><![endif]></span></p>
3598
3599	<p class=MsoNormal>The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3600	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3601	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
3602	tab shows a very strong <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> component <span
3603	class=SpellE><span class=GramE>ot</span></span> the magnetic moment on <span
3604	class=SpellE>Mn</span> with the other two components near zero.</p>
3605
3606	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3607	id="Picture_x0020_68" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:472.5pt;
3608	height:88.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3609	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image186.png" o:title=""/>
3610	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=630 height=118
3611	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image191.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_68"><![endif]></span></p>
3612
3613	<p class=MsoNormal>Lets test the next one.</p>
3614
3615	<h4 style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
3616	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
3617	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
3618	style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
3619	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE>rbr</span>
3620	configuration <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span></h4>
3621
3622	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
3623
3624	<p class=MsoNormal>Again start a new GSAS-II with the reference project <b
3625	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3626	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3627	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3.gpx</span></b> and immediately <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3628	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3629	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Save
3630	project as<span class=GramE>..</span></span></b> <span class=GramE>with</span>
3631	the name <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3632	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3633	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3 <span class=SpellE>rbr.gpx</span></span></b>. Then select
3634	the magnetic phase and the General tab is displayed. Set the spin configuration
3635	to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3636	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3637	minor-latin'>red</span></b>, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3638	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3639	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>black</span></b>
3640	<span class=GramE>& </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3641	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3642	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>.
3643	Then go to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3644	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3645	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab and set the <b
3646	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3647	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3648	minor-latin'>refine</span></b> flag to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3649	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3650	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b>;
3651	then do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3652	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3653	minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>. The residual will be just a bit
3654	poorer (<span class=SpellE>Rwp</span> ~8.2%) than the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span>
3655	model. The plot is very similar</p>
3656
3657	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3658	id="Picture_x0020_69" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:471.75pt;
3659	height:330.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3660	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image188.png" o:title=""/>
3661	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=629 height=441
3662	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image193.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_69"><![endif]></span></p>
3663
3664	<p class=MsoNormal>The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3665	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3666	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b>
3667	display shows a strong <span class=GramE>My</span> moment component with <span
3668	class=SpellE>Mx</span> & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> small</p>
3669
3670	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3671	id="Picture_x0020_70" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:472.5pt;
3672	height:94.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3673	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image190.png" o:title=""/>
3674	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=630 height=126
3675	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image200.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_70"><![endif]></span></p>
3676
3677	<p class=MsoNormal>We should now check the last spin configuration.</p>
3678
3679	<h4 style='margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
3680	style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-latin;
3681	mso-bidi-font-family:"Calibri Light";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-latin'><span
3682	style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
3683	</span></span></span><![endif]>Test the <span class=SpellE>brr</span>
3684	configuration <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span></h4>
3685
3686	<p class=MsoNormal>As before, start a new GSAS-II with the reference project <b
3687	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3688	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3689	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3.gpx</span></b> and immediately <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3690	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3691	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Save
3692	project as<span class=GramE>..</span></span></b> <span class=GramE>with</span>
3693	the name <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3694	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3695	minor-latin'>LaCaMnO3 <span class=SpellE>brr.gpx</span></span></b>. Then select
3696	the magnetic phase and the General tab is displayed. Set the spin configuration
3697	to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3698	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3699	minor-latin'>black</span></b>, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3700	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3701	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>
3702	<span class=GramE>& </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3703	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3704	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>red</span></b>.
3705	Then go to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3706	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3707	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab and set the <b
3708	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3709	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3710	minor-latin'>refine</span></b> flag to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3711	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3712	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>M</span></b>;
3713	then do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3714	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3715	minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>. The residual virtually the same as
3716	the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span> model (Rwp~8.0%) but better than the <span
3717	class=SpellE>rbr</span> one. The plot is very similar</p>
3718
3719	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3720	id="Picture_x0020_71" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:474.75pt;
3721	height:333pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3722	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image192.png" o:title=""/>
3723	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=633 height=444
3724	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image201.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_71"><![endif]></span></p>
3725
3726	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>and</span> with the strong <span
3727	class=SpellE>Mx</span> moment component with My & <span class=SpellE>Mz</span>
3728	small.</p>
3729
3730	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3731	id="Picture_x0020_72" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:477pt;
3732	height:81pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3733	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image206.png" o:title=""/>
3734	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=636 height=108
3735	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image202.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_72"><![endif]></span></p>
3736
3737	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
3738
3739	<p class=MsoNormal>Clearly the <span class=SpellE>bbb</span> configuration is
3740	not correct, but which one of the other three is difficult to choose at
3741	present. Lets complete the refinement on each one and see where that leads.
3742	All that is required is to add the remaining atom parameters (<b
3743	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3744	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3745	minor-latin'>X</span></b> & <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
3746	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
3747	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>U</span></b>).
3748	For each of the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span>, <span class=SpellE>rbr</span>
3749	and <span class=SpellE>brr</span> models go to each phase <b
3750	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3751	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3752	minor-latin'>Atoms</span></b> tab and change the refinement flags to <b
3753	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3754	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3755	minor-latin'>XU</span></b> for the chemical ones and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3756	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3757	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>UM</span></b>
3758	for the magnetic ones. Also make the number of <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
3759	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
3760	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Background</span></b>
3761	terms <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3762	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3763	minor-latin'>6</span></b> for each; that will provide slight improvement as
3764	well. The do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
3765	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
3766	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b> for each
3767	one. After several cycles of refinement I find the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span>
3768	model <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.615%, the <span class=SpellE>rbr</span>
3769	model <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.716% and the <span class=SpellE>brr</span>
3770	model <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.591%.</p>
3771
3772	<p class=MsoNormal>Finally, if one examines the Atom tabs for the <span
3773	class=SpellE>rrb</span> and <span class=SpellE>brr</span> models, the <span
3774	class=GramE>My</span> component of the magnetic moment is quite close to zero
3775	(My ~0.2) for both. Set it to zero in both cases and add the hold on <b
3776	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3777	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3778	minor-latin'>1:<span class=GramE>:AMy:0</span></span></b> in the <b
3779	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3780	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3781	minor-latin'>Constraints</span></b> for each as well to keep them at zero.
3782	Repeat <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
3783	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
3784	minor-latin'>Calculate/Refine</span></b>. I got <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.616%
3785	for the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span> model and <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.558%
3786	for the <span class=SpellE>brr</span> model indicating a slight preference
3787	for the latter. A very close look at the peak at 32.7°2Θ gives some
3788	indication of where this small difference in residual comes from (<span
3789	class=SpellE>rrb</span> on left & <span class=SpellE>brr</span> on
3790	right).The plots are the square root of intensity and the weighted difference
3791	is shown below. </p>
3792
3793	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3794	id="Picture_x0020_73" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:237.75pt;
3795	height:510.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3796	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image209.png" o:title=""/>
3797	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=317 height=681
3798	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image203.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_73"><![endif]><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3799	id="Picture_x0020_74" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:239.25pt;
3800	height:510pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3801	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image211.png" o:title=""/>
3802	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=319 height=680
3803	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image204.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_74"><![endif]></span></p>
3804
3805	<p class=MsoNormal>The magnetic peaks contributing to this peak are the 200,221
3806	& 020 for the <span class=SpellE>rrb</span> model; for the <span
3807	class=SpellE>brr</span> model the 200 is absent. This extra reflection makes a
3808	contribution to the profile for <span class=SpellE>rrb</span> that makes the
3809	fit slightly worse than for the <span class=SpellE>brr</span> model. Thus,
3810	the correct magnetic structure can be assigned for La<sub>0.7</sub>Ca<sub>0.3</sub>MnO3
3811	as <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span> (not <span class=SpellE>Pbnm</span>). The
3812	structure looks like</p>
3813
3814	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
3815	id="Picture_x0020_75" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:474pt;
3816	height:501.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
3817	<v:imagedata src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image213.png" o:title=""/>
3818	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=632 height=669
3819	src="SimpleMagnetic_files/image205.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_75"><![endif]></span></p>
3820
3821	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=GramE>which</span> shows that the ferromagnetic
3822	arrangement is slightly canted in the z-direction (<span class=SpellE>Mz</span>
3823	=0.50) with the major component (<span class=SpellE>Mx</span> =3.25) along the
3824	x-axis. A test refinement with <span class=SpellE>Mz</span> = 0 gives a
3825	slightly poorer fit <span class=SpellE>Rwp</span>=7.596% vs 7.591% and fails to
3826	put any calculated intensity into the 1<sup>st</sup> weak peak (101 & 011)
3827	at 19.82°2Θ thus confirming that the canting is apparently real.</p>
3828
3829	<p class=MsoNormal>This completes the simple magnetic structure tutorials.</p>
3830
3831	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
3832
3833	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
3834
3835	</div>
3836
3837	</body>
3838
3839	</html>

Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.

Download in other formats: