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1138	<body lang=EN-US link="#000000" vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>
1139
1140	<div class=WordSection1>
1141
1142	<p class=MsoNormal><span class=Heading1Char><span style='font-size:24.0pt'>Calibration
1143	of an area detector in GSAS-II</span></span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1144	color:#365F91;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themeshade:191'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
1145
1146	<p class=MsoNormal>In this tutorial, data collected with a Perkin-Elmer area
1147	detector at APS 11-ID-C with a wavelength 0.10798 A, where the detector was
1148	intentionally tilted at 45 degrees, are used. Note that menu entries are listed
1149	in bold face below as <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1150	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1151	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Help/About
1152	GSAS-II</span></b>, which lists first the name of the menu (here <b
1153	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1154	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1155	minor-latin'>Help</span></b>) and second the name of the entry in the menu
1156	(here <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1157	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1158	minor-latin'>About GSAS-II</span></b>).</p>
1159
1160	<p class=MsoNormal>If you have not done so already, <u><span style='color:#0070C0'><a
1161	href="Starting%20GSAS.htm"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;
1162	text-underline:none'>start GSAS-II</span></a></span></u>.</p>
1163
1164	<h1>Step 1: read in the data file</h1>
1165
1166	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Use the <b
1167	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1168	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1169	minor-latin'>Import/Image/from TIF image file</span></b> menu item to read the
1170	data file into the current GSAS-II project. </p>
1171
1172	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
1173
1174	<p class=MsoNormal>A file selection dialog will be shown; its appearance will
1175	depend on your OS. Change the search directory to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1176	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1177	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>2DCalibration/data</span></b>
1178	and then select the file </p>
1179
1180	<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1181	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1182	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>La_hex_+45deg-00015.tif</span></b>
1183	and press <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1184	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1185	minor-latin'>Open</span></b>.<span style='mso-no-proof:yes'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1186
1187	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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1193	<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
1194	<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
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1196	<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
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1203	<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
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1205	<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
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1207	</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75"
1208	style='width:468pt;height:315pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1209	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image015.png"
1210	o:title=""/>
1211	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=420
1212	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image016.png"
1213	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15"><![endif]></span></p>
1214
1215	<p class=MsoNormal>At this point the data tree window will have several entries;
1216	by default the highlighted one specifies the contents of the data window as <b
1217	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1218	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1219	minor-latin'>Image Controls. </span></b>Ive expanded the window to see all the
1220	contents.</p>
1221
1222	<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
1223
1224	<p class=MsoNormal>The plot window shows the image; Ive changed the Max
1225	intensity to ~88000. Notice the elliptical shape of the powder diffraction
1226	rings due to the 45 degree detector tilt. The blue <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1227	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1228	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;
1229	color:#4F81BD;mso-themecolor:accent1'>X</span></b> marks the beam location
1230	(which defaults to the image center); the calibration you will perform here
1231	will find the correct placement for it. Also note that as the mouse is moved
1232	across the plot the plot window status bar (at bottom of plot window) shows the
1233	cursor position, as computed from the default (incorrect) calibration values.
1234	These constants will be correctly determined after you finish the calibration.</p>
1235
1236	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
1237	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
1238	o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:401.25pt;
1239	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1240	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image017.png"
1241	o:title=""/>
1242	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=535
1243	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image018.png"
1244	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16"><![endif]></span></p>
1245
1246	<h1><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Step 2: Edit image parameters</h1>
1247
1248	<p class=MsoNormal>Note that, alas, very few image formats contain all of the
1249	important metadata about the image, so it needs to be added manually. In this
1250	case set the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1251	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1252	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>wavelength</span></b> to <b
1253	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1254	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1255	minor-latin'>0.10798</span></b>. We will be determining the calibration values
1256	of all the checked items. In this case wavelength is known (Penetration is a
1257	correction for x-ray penetration into the detector; it is only needed when the
1258	detector is close to the sample). Under certain circumstances it may be useful
1259	to restrict the calibration to fewer parameters (i.e. if distance is presumed
1260	to be known) in which case you can uncheck some of the calibration parameters
1261	and use their fixed values. It is also helpful to change the display of the
1262	image so that it is easier to see the diffraction rings. Lowering the maximum
1263	intensity to 10,000 to 20,000 counts will help (note that this can be done by
1264	moving the slider, or by typing a value in the box and then clicking on another
1265	control or pressing the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1266	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1267	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Enter</span></b>
1268	or <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1269	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1270	minor-latin'>Tab</span></b> key). You may also wish to select another color
1271	scheme using the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1272	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1273	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Color bar</span></b> selector. </p>
1274
1275	<h1><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Step 3: Calibrate</h1>
1276
1277	<h3><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>First: </h3>
1278
1279	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Set the material
1280	used as a sample in the box labeled <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1281	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1282	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calibrant</span></b>;
1283	select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1284	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1285	minor-latin'>LaB6 SRM660a</span></b></p>
1286
1287	<h3>Second: </h3>
1288
1289	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Use the <b
1290	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1291	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1292	minor-latin'>Calibration/Calibrate</span></b> menu item. At this point the
1293	status line on the bottom of the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1294	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1295	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Image
1296	Controls</span></b> window changes with a prompt to select points for
1297	calibration.</p>
1298
1299	<h3>Third: </h3>
1300
1301	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Use the left mouse
1302	button to click on at least five locations on the innermost ring. As each point
1303	is defined, a red "<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1304	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1305	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:red'>+</span></b>"
1306	is added to the plot. You need not hit the ring exactly as the code will search
1307	for the locally highest point in a 40x40 pixel box. (On the Mac with a two or
1308	three button mouse, also use the left mouse button, or with a standard Mac
1309	single-button mouse, use the regular mouse button.)</p>
1310
1311	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1312	id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:525pt;
1313	height:450pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1314	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image004.png"
1315	o:title=""/>
1316	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=700 height=600
1317	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image004.png"
1318	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"><![endif]></span></p>
1319
1320	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>To remove a point
1321	added in error click on that point with the right mouse button (on the Mac, if
1322	you have a single-button mouse, hold the control key down and click). NB: it is
1323	slightly better to pick points just inside the inner ring as GSAS-II will then
1324	find the best point on that ring.</p>
1325
1326	<h3><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Fourth:</h3>
1327
1328	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>When done, press the
1329	right mouse button well away from any points that have been added (on the Mac,
1330	if you have a single-button mouse, hold the control key down and click). </p>
1331
1332	<p class=MsoNormal>The calibration is then performed. First the rings are
1333	located and an ellipse is optimized for each ring. The indexed rings are first
1334	shown briefly in red as the calibration proceeds and center of each ellipse is
1335	noted with a blue "<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1336	style='color:#4F81BD;mso-themecolor:accent1'>+</span></b>"; these will
1337	track in the direction of the tilt. When all rings have been fitted, the entire
1338	ensemble of rings is refitted to the detector parameters and the rings are then
1339	shown in blue. The beam position (blue <span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1340	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1341	minor-latin;color:#4F81BD;mso-themecolor:accent1'>X</span>) is now correctly
1342	positioned.</p>
1343
1344	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
1345	style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
1346	o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:525pt;height:450pt;
1347	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1348	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image005.png"
1349	o:title=""/>
1350	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=700 height=600
1351	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image005.png"
1352	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5"><![endif]></span><span
1353	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
1354
1355	<p class=MsoNormal>The derived calibration results are shown in the <b
1356	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1357	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1358	minor-latin'>Image Controls</span></b> window.</p>
1359
1360	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1361	id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
1362	height:315pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1363	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image019.png"
1364	o:title=""/>
1365	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=420
1366	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image020.png"
1367	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17"><![endif]></span><span
1368	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
1369
1370	<p class=MsoNormal>and the console window shows details of the fit.</p>
1371
1372	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1373	id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:447.75pt;
1374	height:107.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1375	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image007.png"
1376	o:title=""/>
1377	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=597 height=143
1378	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image007.png"
1379	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11"><![endif]></span></p>
1380
1381	<p class=MsoNormal>The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1382	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1383	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>distance</span></b> is from the sample to the
1384	plane containing the detector, <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1385	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1386	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>det</span></b></span><b
1387	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1388	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>-x</span></b>
1389	& <span class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1390	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1391	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>det</span></b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1392	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1393	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>-y</span></b> is the incident
1394	beam location on the image, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1395	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1396	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>tilt</span></b> is the angle of detector
1397	rotation from being normal to the incident beam and <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1398	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1399	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>phi</span></b> is the rotation of
1400	the detector tilt axis from the x-axis.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
1401	</span>To see the actual points selected by the program, click on the <b
1402	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1403	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1404	minor-latin'>show ring picks?</span></b> check box </p>
1405
1406	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1407	id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:525pt;
1408	height:450pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1409	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image008.png"
1410	o:title=""/>
1411	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=700 height=600
1412	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image008.png"
1413	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8"><![endif]></span><span
1414	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='color:#1F497D;mso-themecolor:
1415	text2'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1416
1417	<p class=MsoNormal>When this is done, it sometimes occurs that the points
1418	selected for the outermost rings are scattered between that and the next ring.
1419	This can be repaired by changing the pixel search range to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1420	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1421	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>10</span></b> and using the <b
1422	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1423	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1424	minor-latin'>Calibration/Recalibrate</span></b> menu item. Also notice that the
1425	right edge of the image shows a ragged fit to the rings because of an intensity
1426	falloff. This can be removed by placing a frame mask about the good part of
1427	the pattern. Select the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1428	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1429	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Masks</span></b> GSAS-II data tree item.</p>
1430
1431	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1432	id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:165pt;
1433	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1434	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image021.png"
1435	o:title=""/>
1436	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=220
1437	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image022.png"
1438	v:shapes="_x0000_i1030"><![endif]></span></p>
1439
1440	<p class=MsoNormal>The instruction in the status bar of this frame tells you
1441	how to enter a frame: first select the plot window, then press the <b
1442	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1443	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>F</span></b>
1444	key; that will arm the frame mask creator. Then select each corner of the
1445	good part of the image in turn (I chose points with x=400 for the right edge)
1446	with the left mouse button. After selecting the last point, close the frame
1447	with a press of the right mouse button. As each point is selected a small green
1448	+ will be drawn on the plot connected with a green line to the previous
1449	point. When you are done the image should look something like</p>
1450
1451	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1452	id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:525pt;
1453	height:450pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1454	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image010.png"
1455	o:title=""/>
1456	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=700 height=600
1457	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image010.png"
1458	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13"><![endif]></span><span
1459	style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
1460
1461	<p class=MsoNormal>Mask points can be moved by carefully selecting and dragging
1462	then with the left button down (you may need to zoom in to do this); the right
1463	mouse button will delete it. The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1464	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1465	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Mask</span></b> data window will show the new
1466	frame mask.</p>
1467
1468	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1469	id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
1470	height:165pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1471	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image023.png"
1472	o:title=""/>
1473	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=220
1474	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image024.png"
1475	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19"><![endif]></span></p>
1476
1477	<p class=MsoNormal>Now go back to the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1478	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1479	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Image Controls</span></b> tree item and do <b
1480	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1481	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1482	minor-latin'>Calibration/Recalibrate</span></b>; a better calibration will
1483	result.</p>
1484
1485	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1486	id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:525pt;height:450pt;
1487	visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1488	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image012.png"
1489	o:title=""/>
1490	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=700 height=600
1491	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image012.png"
1492	v:shapes="_x0000_i1027"><![endif]></span></p>
1493
1494	<p class=MsoNormal>Notice that the frame defined the calibration region.</p>
1495
1496	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1497	id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
1498	height:306pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1499	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image025.png"
1500	o:title=""/>
1501	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=624 height=408
1502	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image026.png"
1503	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20"><![endif]></span></p>
1504
1505	<p class=MsoNormal>And notice the better fit obtained (smaller chi**2 and
1506	smaller <span class=SpellE>esds</span>).</p>
1507
1508	<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1509	id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:447.75pt;
1510	height:98.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
1511	<v:imagedata src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image014.png"
1512	o:title=""/>
1513	</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=597 height=131
1514	src="Calibration%20of%20an%20area%20detector%20in%20GSAS_files/image014.png"
1515	v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18"><![endif]></span></p>
1516
1517	<p class=MsoNormal>In cases where particular types of detectors are placed
1518	close to the sample (not the case here) and the diffraction pattern extends to
1519	near the edges of the detector, the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
1520	style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
1521	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Penetration</span></b> correction may need to
1522	be refined. Just select the check box and do <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1523	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1524	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Calibration/Recalibrate</span></b>,
1525	the result should be >0 for a reasonable correction. Close examination of
1526	the outer rings will show a small shift in the calculated rings to better match
1527	the observed ones. Assuming that these calibration results will be applied to
1528	other images to be later read into the same GSAS-II project, click on <b
1529	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1530	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1531	minor-latin'>Use as default for all images</span></b>. You may also save a copy
1532	of the calibration values to a file <span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1533	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1534	minor-latin'>(<span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>name</i><b
1535	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>.imctrl</b></span></span>) with the <span
1536	class=SpellE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:
1537	"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
1538	minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Parms</span></b></span><b
1539	style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1540	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1541	minor-latin'>/Save Controls</span></b> menu item. To save the project,
1542	including the now-derived calibration information, use the <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1543	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1544	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>File/Save</span>
1545	</b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1546	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1547	minor-latin'>Project</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1548	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:
1549	minor-latin'> </span>menu item associated with the data tree window; as this
1550	project has not been saved before the file save dialog will need a file name.
1551	Dont enter the extension; it will be set to <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1552	normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
1553	minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>.<span
1554	class=SpellE>gpx</span></span></b>.</p>
1555
1556	<h2>Next step: <span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='color:#0070C0'>Integrate
1557	the Data</span></span></h2>
1558
1559	</div>
1560
1561	</body>
1562
1563	</html>

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