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11<title>The Hume Linear Algebra Tcl Package</title>
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14  <o:Author>Edward C. Hume, III</o:Author>
15  <o:LastAuthor>Edward C. Hume, III</o:LastAuthor>
16  <o:Revision>50</o:Revision>
17  <o:TotalTime>3209</o:TotalTime>
18  <o:Created>2001-07-08T13:41:00Z</o:Created>
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142<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in'>
143
144<div class=Section1>
145
146<h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The Hume Linear Algebra
147Tcl Package, La<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
148
149<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
150
151<h2><a name=features><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Feature</span></a><span
152style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> Summary<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
153
154<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
155
156<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
157package consists of Tcl procedures for the manipulation of vectors and
158matrices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The functionality spans
159scaling, normalization, concatenation by rows or columns, subsetting by rows or
160columns, formatted printing, transpose, dot product, matrix multiplication,
161solution of linear equation sets, matrix inversion, eigenvalue/eigenvector
162solutions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>singular value
163decomposition, and solution of linear least squares.<span style="mso-spacerun:
164yes">  </span>The singular value decomposition can be used to perform the
165principle components analysis of multivariate statistical process control and
166avoid the possibly ill-conditioned multiplication of the XX<sup>t </sup><span
167style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>matrix of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
168</span>observations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
169
170<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
171
172<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The user can
173mix vectors and arrays in linear algebra operations.<span style="mso-spacerun:
174yes">  </span>The logic does reasonable conversion of types.<span
175style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Sophisticated operations such as evaluating
176a custom procedure against each element of a matrix are easily possible.<span
177style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Data is represented as ordinary Tcl list
178variables so that the usual commands of Tcl are useable, and efficient access
179to the data elements using compiled extensions is possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
180
181<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
182
183<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>This
184document and the package are ©Copyright 2001, Hume Integration Services.<span
185style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You may use the package without licensing
186fees according to the <a href="#_License_Terms">License Terms</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
187
188<h1><a name=userguide><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>User
189Guide</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
190
191<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
192
193<h2><a name=Obtaining><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Obtaining
194the Package</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
195
196<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
197
198<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
199package may be obtained from the webpage <a href="http://www.hume.com/la"
200target="_blank">http://www.hume.com/la</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
201</span>The package uses the &quot;string is&quot; Tcl command which was new
202with Tcl 8.1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>So unless you are
203comfortable making minor changes to the Tcl source code, you should only use
204the package with Tcl version 8.1 and newer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
205</span>The version 1.0 package only consists of text files, there are no binary
206files.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The only difference between the
207Windows archive and the POSIX archive is the difference in line feed / carriage
208return characters at the end of each line of text.<span style="mso-spacerun:
209yes">  </span>The package is distributed as zip archives.<span
210style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You are expected to use your own software to
211unpack the archive files.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
212
213<h2><a name=Installation><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Installation</span></a><span
214style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
215
216<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
217
218<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
219package is installed by extracting from the zip archive file, the package
220directory and files.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The package
221directory should be added into the base directory of the Tcl runtime libraries.<span
222style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>So if your Tcl runtime library directory is
223/usr/local/lib/tcl8.3, copy or extract the la1.0 directory and files to
224/usr/local/lib so that you have the directory /usr/local/lib/la1.0 and the
225package files are found as /usr/local/lib/la1.0/*.* .<span style="mso-spacerun:
226yes">  </span>The Tcl code should be compatible with Tcl version 8.1 and later
227for any architecture, but we have only tested it with Tcl 8.3.<span
228style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>You can run the package regression tests by
229navigating to the package directory and sourcing the file “la.test”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
230
231<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
232
233<h2><a name=runtime><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Runtime </span></a><span
234style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Usage<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
235
236<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
237
238<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The software
239is found and made useable by your Tcl/Tk interpreter after you execute “package
240require La”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You typically import the
241package procedure names into your global namespace to save yourself from having
242to qualify the procedure names using the package name.<span
243style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>So typical initialization code looks like:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
244
245<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
246
247<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% package require La</p>
248
249<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>1.0</p>
250
251<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% namespace import La::*</p>
252
253<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
254
255<h2><a name=Operand><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Operand</span></a><span
256style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> Formats<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
257
258<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
259package uses ordinary Tcl variables to represent scalars, vectors, and
260arrays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>This means that the ordinary
261Tcl commands are useable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For example,
262the Tcl set command can be used to copy a matrix:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
263
264<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
265
266<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set A [mident 5]<span
267style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>;# A is assigned a 5x5 identity matrix </p>
268
269<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set B $A<span
270style="mso-spacerun: yes">          </span>;# B is assigned the value of A</p>
271
272<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><span
273style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
274
275<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Tcl list
276formats are used for better performance than arrays and for better
277compatibility with C/C++ code.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
278</span>Dimension information is added in a simple way at the front of the list,
279for vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional variables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
280
281<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
282
283<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Scalar Format<span
284style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
285
286<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>If the
287list length of a variable is 1 the operand is a scalar, eg.,
288&quot;6.02e23&quot;.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The Tcl command
289llength can be used to determine the list length.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
290
291<h3>Vector Format</h3>
292
293<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
294
295<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'>A vector of length N has the
296representation as a Tcl list of:</p>
297
298<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
299
300<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'>2 N 0 v[0] v[1] v[2] ... v[N-1]</p>
301
302<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
303
304<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The first
305element in the list, the value 2, signifies that there are two additional
306elements of size information; the number of rows, and the number of
307columns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>When the number of columns is
3080, the operand is defined to be a</span> one dimensional vector.<span
309style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>So the Tcl list sequence of {2 4 0 1 2 3 4}
310represents the vector <span style='font-size:10.0pt'>{1 2 3 4}</span>.<span
311style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>A vector of length N has the same number of
312elements as an Nx1 or 1xN matrix so they can be efficiently converted in place,
313and indexing operations are simplified.</p>
314
315<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
316
317<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='margin-left:0in'>The index into the
318underlying Tcl list for vector <span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";
319mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>v[i]</span> is</p>
320
321<p class=MsoPlainText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
322
323<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'>set index [expr {3 + $i}]</p>
324
325<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
326
327<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>A vector
328of length N is promoted to an N rows by 1 column matrix if used in an operation
329where a matrix argument is expected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
330
331<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
332"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
333
334<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
335transpose of a vector of length N is a 1 row by N columns matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
336
337<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Matrix Format<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
338
339<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
340
341<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The Tcl
342list data used to represent two dimensional matrix a[R,C], has the format:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
343
344<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
345
346<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>2 R C a[0,0] a[0,1] a[0,2] ...
347a[0,C-1] \</p>
348
349<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'>a[1,0] a[1,1] ... a[1,C-1] \</p>
350
351<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'>... a[R-1,C-1]<span
352style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p>
353
354<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:1.0in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
355
356<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>where R is
357the number of rows, and C is the number of columns, and the backslash character
358has been used to indicate that the multiple lines of text constitute a single
359list sequence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The format itself is
360independent of whether the user thinks that indexing starts from 0 or 1.<span
361style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>In Tcl, indexing of lists always starts with
3620 so we have chosen to consistently start indexing with 0.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
363
364<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
365
366<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>For a
367valid matrix, both the number of rows and the number of columns are positive
368integers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The data elements following
369the {2 R C} dimension information can also be thought of as first row, second
370row, …, last row.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The index into the
371underlying Tcl list for </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>a[i,j]</span><span
372style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
373
374<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
375
376<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set index [expr {3 + $i * $C +
377$j}]</p>
378
379<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><span
380style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
381
382<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Higher Dimensions<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
383
384<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
385
386<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>If the
387first element in a Tcl list is &gt; 2, the package assumes the list represents
388a higher dimensional operand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Logic for
389higher dimension operands is not currently part of the package.<span
390style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
391
392<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
393
394<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
395candidate structure for 3-D data is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
396
397<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
398
399<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>3 P R C a[0,0,0] a[0,0,1]
400a[0,0,2] ... a[0,0,C-1] ... a[P-1,R-1,C-1]</p>
401
402<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
403
404<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>where
405P=planes, R=rows, C=columns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>An
406intuitive view is that the data is multiple 2-D planes of rows and columns
407listed in order from the 0 plane to the P-1 plane.<span style="mso-spacerun:
408yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
409
410<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
411
412<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The index
413into the underlying Tcl list for </span>a[i,j,k]<span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
414"MS Mincho"'> is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
415
416<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
417
418<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set index [expr 4 + $i*$R*$c +
419$j*$c + $k]</p>
420
421<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
422
423<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Operand Examples<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
424
425<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
426
427<p class=MsoPlainText>set pi 3.1415<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span><span
428style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>;# a scalar</p>
429
430<p class=MsoPlainText>set v {2 1 0 3.1415}<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   
431</span>;# v[1] with value 3.1415</p>
432
433<p class=MsoPlainText># vectors should use the first dimension of 2</p>
434
435<p class=MsoPlainText>set v {2 0 1 3.1415}<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   
436</span>;# error - vector should use first dimension only</p>
437
438<p class=MsoPlainText>set v {2 3 0 1 2 3 4}<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
439</span>;# error - vector has an additional element</p>
440
441<p class=MsoPlainText>set m {2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6}<span style="mso-spacerun:
442yes">  </span>;# m[2,3]</p>
443
444<p class=MsoPlainText>show $m</p>
445
446<p class=MsoPlainText>1 2 3</p>
447
448<p class=MsoPlainText>4 5 6</p>
449
450<p class=MsoPlainText>show [transpose $m]</p>
451
452<p class=MsoPlainText>1 4</p>
453
454<p class=MsoPlainText>2 5</p>
455
456<p class=MsoPlainText>3 6</p>
457
458<p class=MsoPlainText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
459
460<h2><a name=Passing><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Argument</span></a><span
461style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> Passing By Value and By Reference <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
462
463<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>There are
464typically two procedures defined for an algorithm.<span style="mso-spacerun:
465yes">  </span>A plainly named procedure such as &quot;transpose&quot;, and
466another procedure with the suffix <b>_br</b> such as
467&quot;transpose_br&quot;.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The plainly
468named procedures expect their data arguments to be passed by value, which is
469the usual argument passing convention with Tcl programming.<span
470style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The plain calls are designed for ease of
471interactive use, and in general have been coded to perform more conversion of
472arguments, more error checking, and to trade off efficiency for
473convenience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>_br</b> procedures
474are intended for efficent use, with the <b>_br</b> indicating that data
475arguments are passed &quot;By Reference&quot; to avoid copying the data.<span
476style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>In Tcl, to pass by reference means that the
477caller has the data in a named variable, and the caller passes the name of the
478variable instead of a copy of the data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
479</span>You can see that passing by reference is more efficient for larger
480vectors and arrays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>_br</b>
481procedures in general assume that the data arguments have the correct
482structure, so the caller may need to use the <b>promote</b>, <b>demote</b>, and
483<b>transpose</b> calls to prepare arguments for a <b>_br</b> call.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
484
485<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
486
487<h2><a name=performance><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>A
488Note on Performance</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
489
490<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
491
492<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Number
493crunching in Tcl?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The conventional
494wisdom is that computationally intensive tasks such as numerical analysis are
495high on the list of things that you should not do in a scripting language.<span
496style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>It is true that you can obtain better
497performance using a traditional compiled language such as Fortran, or C
498code.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>But nowadays, the performance
499gain that you will obtain by switching languages is similar to the performance
500gain you will see between a new computer and a computer from two years
501ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>In many situations, the actual
502time spent processing numbers is a small portion of the overall project.<span
503style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The time it takes the researcher to explore
504his data, decide on the desired approach, and develop the software for his
505desired analysis is the only performance time that really matters.<span
506style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Here, a high-level development environment
507such as Tcl or MATLAB wins over C++ or Java hands down.<span
508style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Actual performance numbers for the Tcl
509package are nothing to be ashamed about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
510</span>Using a 900Mhz Pentium III notebook computer, the following times were
511obtained for inverting an NxN matrix using Gauss elimination with partial
512pivoting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>This is something of a worst
513case since most numerical algorithms avoid the direct inversion of a full
514matrix.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Often a major performance
515improvement is made by choosing a better algorithm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
516
517<p class=MsoPlainText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
518
519<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
520
521<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;
522 border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
523 <tr>
524  <td width=655 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:490.9pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
525  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
526  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Inversion
527  of an NxN matrix. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
528  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
529  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Development
530  time for the following timed benchmark: 15 seconds.<span style="mso-spacerun:
531  yes">  </span>It worked properly on the first attempt.<span
532  style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The flush and update commands are not
533  needed except to show progress before completion.<span style="mso-spacerun:
534  yes">  </span>The benchmark:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
535  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
536  <p class=MsoPlainText>% source la.tcl</p>
537  <p class=MsoPlainText>% namespace import La::*</p>
538  <p class=MsoPlainText>% foreach n {10 20 50 100} {</p>
539  <p class=MsoPlainText><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>puts [time
540  {msolve [mdingdong $n] [mident $n]}]</p>
541  <p class=MsoPlainText><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>flush stdout</p>
542  <p class=MsoPlainText><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>update</p>
543  <p class=MsoPlainText><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>}<span
544  style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
545  </td>
546 </tr>
547 <tr>
548  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
549  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
550  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Matrix
551  Dimension (N)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
552  </td>
553  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
554  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
555  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
556  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
557  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Inversion
558  Time (seconds)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
559  </td>
560 </tr>
561 <tr>
562  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
563  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
564  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
565  </td>
566  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
567  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
568  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
569  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
570  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>0.020<o:p></o:p></span></p>
571  </td>
572 </tr>
573 <tr>
574  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
575  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
576  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
577  </td>
578  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
579  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
580  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
581  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
582  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>0.140<o:p></o:p></span></p>
583  </td>
584 </tr>
585 <tr>
586  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
587  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
588  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
589  </td>
590  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
591  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
592  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
593  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
594  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>1.973<o:p></o:p></span></p>
595  </td>
596 </tr>
597 <tr>
598  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
599  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
600  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
601  </td>
602  <td width=327 valign=top style='width:245.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
603  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;
604  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
605  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
606  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>15.43<o:p></o:p></span></p>
607  </td>
608 </tr>
609</table>
610
611<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
612
613<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Here are
614some tips for efficient coding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>In Tcl
615the <a href="..\mann\expr.html">expr</a> command is used for the evaluation of
616numeric expressions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You should almost
617always surround the arguments to <b>expr</b> with braces to prevent the Tcl
618interpreter from substituting the arguments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
619</span>The <b>expr</b> command itself is able to substitute variable references
620directly and avoid re-interpreting their string representation.<span
621style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For example:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
622
623<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
624
625<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set index [expr {3 + $i * $C +
626$j}]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>;# good example</p>
627
628<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set index [expr 3 + $i*$C +
629$j]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">       </span>;# less efficient example</p>
630
631<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
632
633<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
634Windows NT/Windows 2000 Tk console does not perform very well when large text
635strings are displayed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You may find it
636preferable to print results by separate rows for large output sets, or to write
637large output results to a file.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Another
638alternative to the Windows Tk console, is to use tclsh83.exe from a command
639window.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
640
641<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
642
643<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Tcl
644maintains an internal binary representation for variable values, and computes a
645string representation for a variable value only when needed.<span
646style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>If your logic is inconsistent and sometimes
647treats a variable as a string, and sometimes treats it as a list of numbers,
648you can cause inefficient “shimmering” of the internal representation.<span
649style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For best efficiency use list oriented
650commands to manipulate your vector and matrix variables, and don’t mix string
651oriented commands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For example:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
652
653<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
654
655<p class=MsoPlainText><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>lappend m
656$newvalue<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">      </span>;# good – lappend is a list
657oriented procedure</p>
658
659<p class=MsoPlainText><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">      </span>append m
660&quot; $newvalue&quot;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span>;# bad, this
661causes conversion to a string</p>
662
663<p class=MsoPlainText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
664
665<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The last
666tip is that it is very easy to use the built-in <a href="..\mann\time.html">time</a>
667command to analyze actual performance of your code.<span style="mso-spacerun:
668yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
669
670<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
671
672<h2><a name="pca_example"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>A PCA
673Example</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
674
675<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
676
677<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The
678package contains a worked Principle Components Analysis problem based on
679Section 6.5 of the SEMATECH/NIST Statistics Handbook, <a
680href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook" target="_blank">http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
681
682<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
683
684<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>See the
685file <a href="NIST.html" target="_blank">NIST.tcl</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
686
687<h1><a name=reference><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Reference</span></a><span
688style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
689
690<p class=MsoPlainText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
691
692<h2><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Alphabetical Procedure
693Table<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
694
695<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
696
697<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;
698 border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
699 <tr>
700  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
701  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Procedure
702  Name(s)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
703  </td>
704  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-left:none;
705  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
706  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
707  </td>
708 </tr>
709 <tr>
710  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
711  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
712  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
713  href="#demote">demote, demote_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
714  </td>
715  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
716  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
717  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
718  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Demote
719  an Nx1 or 1xN matrix to a vector[N].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
720  </span>Demote a vector[1] to a scalar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
721  </span>Call twice to demote a 1x1 matrix to scalar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
722  </td>
723 </tr>
724 <tr>
725  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
726  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
727  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
728  href="#dim">dim, dim_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
729  </td>
730  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
731  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
732  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
733  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Return
734  the dimension of the argument,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>and to
735  some degree verify a proper format.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
736  </td>
737 </tr>
738 <tr>
739  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
740  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
741  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
742  href="#dotprod">dotprod, dotprod_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
743  </td>
744  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
745  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
746  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
747  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Dot Product
748  = sum over i, Ai * Bi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
749  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Can work
750  columns or rows in matrices because indexing increments are optional
751  arguments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
752  </td>
753 </tr>
754 <tr>
755  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
756  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
757  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
758  href="#join_cols">join_cols, join_cols_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
759  </td>
760  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
761  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
762  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
763  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Combine
764  vector or matrices as added columns.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
765  </td>
766 </tr>
767 <tr>
768  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
769  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
770  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
771  href="#join_rows">join_rows, join_rows_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
772  </td>
773  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
774  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
775  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
776  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Combine
777  vector or matrices as added rows.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
778  </td>
779 </tr>
780 <tr>
781  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
782  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
783  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
784  href="#lassign">lassign, lassign_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
785  </td>
786  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
787  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
788  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
789  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Replace
790  a single value in a Tcl list.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
791  </td>
792 </tr>
793 <tr>
794  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
795  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
796  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
797  href="#madd">madd</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
798  </td>
799  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
800  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
801  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
802  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Computes
803  a new matrix or vector from the addition of corresponding elements in two
804  operands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
805  </td>
806 </tr>
807 <tr>
808  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
809  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
810  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
811  href="#madjust">madjust</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
812  </td>
813  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
814  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
815  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
816  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Apply a
817  scale factor and offset to the operand’s elements.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
818  </td>
819 </tr>
820 <tr>
821  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
822  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
823  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
824  href="#mat_binary_op">mat_binary_op, mat_binary_op_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
825  </td>
826  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
827  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
828  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
829  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Perform
830  binary operations such as addition on corresponding elements of vectors or
831  matrices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
832  </td>
833 </tr>
834 <tr>
835  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
836  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
837  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
838  href="#mat_unary_op">mat_unary_op, mat_unary_op_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
839  </td>
840  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
841  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
842  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
843  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Perform
844  unary operations on elements like scaling.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
845  </td>
846 </tr>
847 <tr>
848  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
849  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
850  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
851  href="#mathprec">mathprec</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
852  </td>
853  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
854  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
855  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
856  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Returns
857  the smallest number epsilon, such that 1+epsilon &gt; 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
858  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Also
859  reports on the machine radix, digits, and rounding behavior<o:p></o:p></span></p>
860  </td>
861 </tr>
862 <tr>
863  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
864  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
865  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
866  href="#mcols">mcols, mcols_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
867  </td>
868  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
869  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
870  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
871  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Return
872  the number of columns in a matrix or vector.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
873  </span>You can use mrows and mcols to keep your software isolated from the
874  details of the data representation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
875  </td>
876 </tr>
877 <tr>
878  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
879  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
880  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
881  href="#mdiag">mdiag</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
882  </td>
883  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
884  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
885  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
886  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Creates
887  a diagonal matrix from a vector, an Nx1 matrix, or a 1XN matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
888  </td>
889 </tr>
890 <tr>
891  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
892  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
893  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
894  href="#mdingdong">mdingdong</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
895  </td>
896  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
897  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
898  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
899  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Create
900  the Ding Dong test matrix, a Cauchy matrix that is represented inexactly in
901  the machine, but very stable for inversion by elimination methods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
902  </td>
903 </tr>
904 <tr>
905  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
906  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
907  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
908  href="#mdiv">mdiv</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
909  </td>
910  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
911  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
912  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
913  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Computes
914  a new matrix or vector from the division of corresponding elements in two
915  operands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
916  </td>
917 </tr>
918 <tr>
919  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
920  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
921  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
922  href="#mevsvd">mevsvd, mevsvd_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
923  </td>
924  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
925  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
926  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
927  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Solve
928  for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix by singular
929  value decomposition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
930  </td>
931 </tr>
932 <tr>
933  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
934  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
935  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
936  href="#mhilbert">mhilbert</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
937  </td>
938  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
939  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
940  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
941  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Create
942  the Hilbert test matrix which is notorious for being<span
943  style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>ill conditioned for eigenvector/eigenvalue
944  solutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
945  </td>
946 </tr>
947 <tr>
948  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
949  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
950  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
951  href="#mident">mident</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
952  </td>
953  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
954  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
955  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
956  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Create
957  an identity matrix of order N.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
958  </td>
959 </tr>
960 <tr>
961  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
962  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
963  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
964  href="#mlssvd">mlssvd</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
965  </td>
966  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
967  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
968  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
969  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Linear
970  least squares solution for over-determined linear equations using singular
971  value decomposition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
972  </td>
973 </tr>
974 <tr>
975  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
976  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
977  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
978  href="#mmult">mmult, mmult_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
979  </td>
980  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
981  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
982  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
983  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Ordinary
984  matrix multiplication.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
985  </td>
986 </tr>
987 <tr>
988  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
989  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
990  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
991  href="#mnorms">mnorms, mnorms_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
992  </td>
993  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
994  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
995  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
996  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Compute
997  the means and standard deviations of each column.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
998  </td>
999 </tr>
1000 <tr>
1001  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1002  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1003  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1004  href="#mnormalize">mnormalize, mnormalize_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1005  </td>
1006  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1007  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1008  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1009  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Normalize
1010  each column by subtracting the corresponding mean and then dividing by the
1011  corresponding standard deviation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1012  </td>
1013 </tr>
1014 <tr>
1015  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1016  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1017  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1018  href="#moffset">moffset</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1019  </td>
1020  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1021  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1022  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1023  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Add a
1024  constant to the elements of an operand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1025  </td>
1026 </tr>
1027 <tr>
1028  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1029  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1030  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1031  href="#mprod">mprod</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1032  </td>
1033  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1034  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1035  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1036  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Computes
1037  a new matrix or vector from the product of corresponding elements in two
1038  operands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1039  </td>
1040 </tr>
1041 <tr>
1042  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1043  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1044  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1045  href="#mrange">mrange, mrange_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1046  </td>
1047  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1048  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1049  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1050  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Return a
1051  subset of selected columns, selected rows as a new matrix.<span
1052  style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Also can be used to reverse the ordering
1053  when the start index &gt; end index.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1054  </td>
1055 </tr>
1056 <tr>
1057  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1058  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1059  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1060  href="#mround">mround, mround_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1061  </td>
1062  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1063  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1064  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1065  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Round
1066  off elements in a matrix if they are close to integers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1067  </td>
1068 </tr>
1069 <tr>
1070  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1071  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1072  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1073  href="#mrows">mrows, mrows_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1074  </td>
1075  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1076  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1077  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1078  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Return
1079  the number of rows in a matrix or vector.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1080  </span>You can use mrows and mcols to keep your software isolated from the
1081  details of the data representation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1082  </td>
1083 </tr>
1084 <tr>
1085  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1086  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1087  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1088  href="#mscale">mscale</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1089  </td>
1090  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1091  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1092  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1093  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Multiply
1094  each element in an operand by a factor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1095  </td>
1096 </tr>
1097 <tr>
1098  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1099  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1100  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1101  href="#msolve">msolve, msolve_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1102  </td>
1103  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1104  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1105  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1106  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Solve
1107  the matrix problem Ax = p for x, where p may be multiple columns.<span
1108  style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>When p is the identity matrix, the
1109  solution x, is the inverse of A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Uses
1110  Gauss elimination with partial pivoting.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1111  </td>
1112 </tr>
1113 <tr>
1114  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1115  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1116  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1117  href="#msub">msub</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1118  </td>
1119  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1120  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1121  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1122  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Computes
1123  a new matrix or vector from the subtraction of corresponding elements in two
1124  operands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1125  </td>
1126 </tr>
1127 <tr>
1128  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1129  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1130  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1131  href="#msum">msum, msum_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1132  </td>
1133  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1134  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1135  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1136  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Compute
1137  the sums of each column, returning a vector or scalar result.<span
1138  style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Call twice to get the total sum of columns
1139  and rows (set total [msum [msum $a]]).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1140  </td>
1141 </tr>
1142 <tr>
1143  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1144  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1145  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1146  href="#msvd">msvd</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1147  </td>
1148  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1149  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1150  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1151  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Perform
1152  the Singular Value Decomposition of a matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1153  </td>
1154 </tr>
1155 <tr>
1156  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1157  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1158  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1159  href="#promote">promote, promote_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1160  </td>
1161  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1162  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1163  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1164  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Promote
1165  a scalar or vector to an array.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1166  </span>Vector[N] is promoted to an Nx1 array.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1167  </td>
1168 </tr>
1169 <tr>
1170  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1171  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1172  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1173  href="#show">show, show_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1174  </td>
1175  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1176  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1177  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1178  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Return a
1179  formatted string representation for an operand.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1180  yes">  </span>Options allow for specify the format of numbers, and the
1181  strings used to separate column and row elements.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1182  </td>
1183 </tr>
1184 <tr>
1185  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1186  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1187  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1188  href="#transpose">transpose, transpose_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1189  </td>
1190  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1191  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1192  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1193  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Performs
1194  the matrix transpose, exchanging [i,j] with [j,i].<span style="mso-spacerun:
1195  yes">  </span>A vector is promoted to a 1xN array by transpose.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1196  </td>
1197 </tr>
1198 <tr>
1199  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1200  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1201  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1202  href="#vdiag">vdiag, vdiag_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1203  </td>
1204  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1205  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1206  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1207  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Create a
1208  vector from the diagonal elements of a matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1209  </td>
1210 </tr>
1211 <tr>
1212  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext .5pt;border-top:none;
1213  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1214  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><a
1215  href="#vtrim">vtrim, vtrim_br</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1216  </td>
1217  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;
1218  border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
1219  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1220  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>For a
1221  vector or matrix operand, just return the actual data elements by trimming
1222  away the dimension and size data in the front<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1223  </td>
1224 </tr>
1225</table>
1226
1227<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1228
1229<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1230
1231<h3><a name=demote><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>demote</span></a><span
1232style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> x<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1233
1234<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>demote_br name_x_in
1235{name_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1236
1237<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1238
1239<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1240"MS Mincho"'>Demote an Nx1 or 1xN matrix to a vector[n].<span
1241style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Demote a vector[1] to a scalar.<span
1242style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Call twice to demote a 1x1 matrix to
1243scalar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For the _br procedure, the
1244default output destination is to overwrite the input.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1245
1246<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1247"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1248
1249<h3 style='mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together'><a name=dim><span
1250style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>dim</span></a><span
1251style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> x<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1252
1253<h3 style='mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1254"MS Mincho"'>dim_br name_x<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1255
1256<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together'><span
1257style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1258
1259<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together'>Return
1260the dimension of the argument,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>and to
1261some degree verify a proper format.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Returns
12620 for a scalar, 1 for a vector, 2 for a matrix, and an empty string, {}, for an
1263empty input value.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Most improper
1264formats will result in an error.</p>
1265
1266<h3><a name=dotprod>dotprod</a> a b {N {}} {a0index 3} {b0index 3} {ainc 1}
1267{binc 1}</h3>
1268
1269<h3>dotprod_br a_name b_name {N {}} {a0index 3} {b0index 3} {ainc 1} {binc 1}</h3>
1270
1271<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Perform the dot product of two operands, <b>a</b>
1272and <b>b</b>, returning a scalar result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1273</span>The default arguments will correctly process vector and conformable 1xN
1274or Nx1 matrices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The argument <b>N</b>
1275is the number of element pairs to multiply when computing the sum of pair
1276products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>a0index</b> and <b>b0index</b>
1277optional arguments are the offset of the first element in the <b>a</b> and <b>b</b>
1278operands, respectively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>ainc</b>
1279and <b>binc</b> optional arguments are the index increment values to be added
1280to the indexes into <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> to obtain subsequent elements.</p>
1281
1282<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1283"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1284
1285<h3><a name="join_cols"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>join_cols</span></a><span
1286style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1287
1288<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>join_cols_br {a_in b_in
1289{c_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1290
1291<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Combine vector or matrices as added columns,
1292returning a matrix result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The
1293arguments must have the same number of rows.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1294</span>The default output for the <b>join_cols_br</b> call is to overwrite the<b>
1295a</b> input.</p>
1296
1297<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1298
1299<h3><a name="join_rows"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>join_rows</span></a><span
1300style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1301
1302<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>join_rows_br {a_in b_in
1303{c_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1304
1305<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Combine vector or matrices as added rows, returning
1306a matrix result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The arguments must
1307have the same number of columns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The
1308default output for the <b>join_rows_br</b> call is to overwrite the <b>a</b>
1309input.</p>
1310
1311<h3><a name=lassign><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>lassign</span></a><span
1312style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> list index value<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1313
1314<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>lassign_br listname index
1315value<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1316
1317<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1318"MS Mincho"'>Replace a single element in a Tcl list.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1319yes">  </span>There is conditional logic in the package so that the <b>lassign_br</b>
1320could be replaced by a C code version that would be able to update the list
1321directly without copying the data the way <a href="..\mann\lreplace.html">lreplace</a>
1322does.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1323
1324<h3><a name=madd><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>madd</span></a><span
1325style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1326
1327<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1328"MS Mincho"'>This procedure uses <b>mat_binary_op</b> to return a matrix or
1329vector result from the addition of corresponding elements in two operands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1330
1331<h3><a name=madjust><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>madjust</span></a><span
1332style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a scale offset<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1333
1334<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1335"MS Mincho"'>This procedure uses <b>mat_unary_op</b> to return a matrix or
1336vector where the elements have been multiplied by a common factor, <b>scale</b>,
1337and then the <b>offset</b> value has been added.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1338
1339<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1340"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1341
1342<h3><a name="mat_binary_op"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mat_binary_op</span></a><span
1343style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b {op +}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1344
1345<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mat_binary_op_br a_in
1346b_in op {c_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1347
1348<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>This procedure is used to execute binary operations
1349such as addition on corresponding elements of vector or matrix operands.<span
1350style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default output for the _br call is to
1351overwrite the <b>a</b> input.</p>
1352
1353<h3><a name=mathprec>mathprec</a> {puts puts}</h3>
1354
1355<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Returns the smallest number epsilon, such that
13561+epsilon &gt; 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Also reports on the
1357machine radix, digits, and rounding behavior, by using $puts as a command with
1358a single string argument, of the format “radix=2.0 digits=53
1359epsilon=2.22044604925e-016 method=truncation”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1360</span>The default value of the puts argument causes the string to be printed
1361at the console.</p>
1362
1363<h3><a name=mcols>mcols</a> m</h3>
1364
1365<h3>mcols_br m_name</h3>
1366
1367<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Return the number of columns in a matrix or
1368vector.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You can use <a href="#mrows">mrows</a>
1369and <b>mcols</b> to keep your software isolated from the details of the data
1370representation.</p>
1371
1372<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1373
1374<h3><a name=mdiag><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mdiag</span></a><span
1375style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> v<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1376
1377<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1378"MS Mincho"'>Creates a diagonal matrix from a vector, an Nx1 matrix, or a 1xN
1379matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1380
1381<h3><a name=mdingdong><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mdingdong</span></a><span
1382style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> N<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1383
1384<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Create the Ding Dong test matrix of size NxN.<span
1385style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The matrix is a Cauchy matrix that is represented
1386inexactly in the machine, but very stable for inversion by elimination
1387methods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Created by Dr. F. N. Ris
1388(Nash, 1979).</p>
1389
1390<h3><a name=mdiv><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mdiv</span></a><span
1391style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1392
1393<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1394"MS Mincho"'>Uses <b>mat_binary_op</b> to compute a new matrix or vector from
1395the division of corresponding elements in two operands.<span
1396style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1397
1398<h3><a name=mevsvd><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mevsvd</span></a><span
1399style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> A {epsilon 2.3e-16}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1400
1401<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mevsvd_br A_in_out
1402evals_out {epsilon 2.3e-16}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1403
1404<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1405"MS Mincho"'>Solve for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a real symmetric
1406matrix by singular value decomposition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1407</span>The eigenvectors of the solution are returned as the columns of A.<span
1408style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The epsilon argument is expected to be the
1409value returned by the <b>mathprec</b> procedure for your platform.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1410
1411<h3><a name=mhilbert><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mhilbert</span></a><span
1412style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> N<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1413
1414<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1415"MS Mincho"'>Create the Hilbert test matrix which is notorious for being<span
1416style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>ill conditioned for eigenvector/eigenvalue
1417solutions. (Nash, 1979)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1418
1419<h3><a name=mident><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mident</span></a><span
1420style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> N<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1421
1422<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1423"MS Mincho"'>Create an identity matrix of order N.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1424
1425<h3><a name=mlssvd><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mlssvd</span></a><span
1426style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> A y {q 0.0} {puts puts} {epsilon
14272.3e-16}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1428
1429<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1430"MS Mincho"'>Solve the linear least squares solution for over-determined linear
1431equations using singular value decomposition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1432</span>Solves the problem <b>A</b>[m,n]<b>x</b>[n] ~ <b>y</b>[m] for <b>x</b>[n]
1433where each row of <b>A</b> is a set of dependent variable values, <b>x</b>[n]
1434is the vector of independent variables, and <b>y</b>[m] is the set of dependent
1435values such as measured outcome values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1436</span>The first column of <b>A</b> is usually all ones to compute a constant
1437term in the regression equation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The value
1438<b>q</b> is specified such that singular values less than <b>q</b> are treated
1439as zero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Typically a judgment is made
1440as to what variation is significant, and what is just noise.<span
1441style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The significance level varies by
1442application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For example, a small value
1443of <b>q</b> might be appropriate to detect a new planet from orbital data,
1444whereas larger values would be used to regress socio-economic statistics.<span
1445style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default value of the <b>puts</b>
1446argument causes the singular values to be printed at the console after the
1447matrix is factored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>epsilon</b>
1448argument is expected to be the result of the <b>mathprec</b> procedure for your
1449platform.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1450
1451<h3><a name=mmult><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mmult</span></a><span
1452style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> A B<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1453
1454<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mmult_br name_A name_B
1455C_out<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1456
1457<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1458"MS Mincho"'>Ordinary matrix multiplication, <b>A</b>[p,q] x <b>B</b>[q,r] = <b>C</b>[p,r].<span
1459style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Vector arguments are<span
1460style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>promoted to Nx1 arrays, so chances are if
1461you are using one as a left operand you probably intend to use the transpose of
1462it (1xN), which is easily done using the <a href="#transpose">transpose</a>
1463procedure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>mmult</b> procedure
1464returns the value of the matrix product.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1465</span>The <b>mmult_br</b> procedure writes the matrix product into the
1466variable whose name is <b>C_out</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1467</span>The variable name <b>C_out </b>should specify a different variable than
1468either of the input variables specified by <b>name_A</b> or <b>name_B</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1469
1470<h3><a name=mnorms><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mnorms</span></a><span
1471style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1472
1473<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mnorms_br name_a
1474means_out sigmas_out<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1475
1476<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1477"MS Mincho"'>Compute the means and standard deviations of each column of the
1478input matrix.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Vector results are
1479returned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>If the number of rows is less
1480than 2, the standard deviations cannot be calculated and an error is returned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1481
1482<h3><a name=mnormalize><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mnormalize</span></a><span
1483style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a means sigmas<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1484
1485<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mnormalize_br name_a means_in
1486sigmas_in {c_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1487
1488<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1489"MS Mincho"'>Normalize each column of a matrix by subtracting the corresponding
1490mean and then dividing by the corresponding standard deviation.<span
1491style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default output matrix for <b>mnormalize_br</b>
1492is to overwrite the input matrix specified by <b>name_a</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1493
1494<h3><a name=moffset><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>moffset</span></a><span
1495style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a delta<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1496
1497<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1498"MS Mincho"'>Uses <b>mat_unary_op</b> to add a scalar constant to the elements
1499of an operand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The modified operand is
1500the returned result.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1501
1502<h3><a name=mprod><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mprod</span></a><span
1503style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1504
1505<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1506"MS Mincho"'>Uses <b>mat_binary_op</b> to compute a new matrix or vector from the
1507multiplicative product of corresponding elements in two operands. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1508
1509<h3><a name=mrange><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mrange</span></a><span
1510style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> m col_start col_last {row_start 0}
1511{row_last end}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1512
1513<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mrange_br name_m_in c_out
1514col_start col_last {row_start 0} {row_last end}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1515
1516<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1517"MS Mincho"'>Returns a subset of the selected columns and selected rows of a
1518matrix as a new matrix.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Column and row
1519indexing begin with 0.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The token <b>end
1520</b>may be used to specify the last row or column.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1521yes">  </span>The default values for row selection will return all rows.<span
1522style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The rows and columns are read and copied
1523from the input matrix in the order of start to last.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1524yes">  </span>The selection result includes rows and columns with index values
1525equal to the start indexes and proceeds to the last indexes, including all rows
1526and columns with indexes between the start and last values and equal to the start
1527and last values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>If the start index is
1528less than the last index for row or column selection, the result matrix is
1529created with the row or columns in reverse order.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1530yes">  </span>This is a feature, not a bug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1531</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1532
1533<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% set m {2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6}</p>
1534
1535<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show $m</p>
1536
1537<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>1 2 3</p>
1538
1539<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>4 5 6</p>
1540
1541<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show [mrange $m 0 1]</p>
1542
1543<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>1 2</p>
1544
1545<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>4 5</p>
1546
1547<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show [mrange $m end 0]</p>
1548
1549<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>3 2 1</p>
1550
1551<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>6 5 4</p>
1552
1553<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show [mrange $m 1 1 0 0]</p>
1554
1555<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>2</p>
1556
1557<h3><a name=mround><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>mround</span></a><span
1558style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a {epsilon 1.0e-8}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1559
1560<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Uses <b>mat_unary_op</b> to round-off to the nearest
1561integer the elements of a matrix or vector which are within epsilon of an
1562integer value.</p>
1563
1564<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show $m %12.4g</p>
1565
1566<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1567yes">           </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
1568</span>1.388e-016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>8.327e-017<span
1569style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>-2.776e-017</p>
1570
1571<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1572yes">  </span>1.388e-016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">           
1573</span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>-5.551e-017<span
1574style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>-1.11e-016</p>
1575
1576<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1577yes">  </span>8.327e-017<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1578</span>-5.551e-017<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">            </span>1<span
1579style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>-5.551e-017</p>
1580
1581<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1582yes"> </span>-2.776e-017<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
1583</span>-1.11e-016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>-5.551e-017<span
1584style="mso-spacerun: yes">            </span>1</p>
1585
1586<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show [mround $m]</p>
1587
1588<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0</p>
1589
1590<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0</p>
1591
1592<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0</p>
1593
1594<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0</p>
1595
1596<h3><a name=mrows></a><a name=mscale><span style='mso-bookmark:mrows'>mrows</span>
1597m</a></h3>
1598
1599<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:mscale'>mrows_br m_name</span></h3>
1600
1601<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><span style='mso-bookmark:mscale'>Return the number
1602of rows in a matrix or vector.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You can
1603use <b>mrows</b> and </span><a href="#mcols"><span style='mso-bookmark:mscale'>mcols</span><span
1604style='mso-bookmark:mscale'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:mscale'> to keep
1605your software isolated from the details of the data representation.</span></p>
1606
1607<h3><span style='mso-bookmark:mscale'>mscale</span> a scalefactor</h3>
1608
1609<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Uses <b>mat_unary_op</b> to multiply each element in
1610a matrix or vector operand, <b>a</b>, by the scalar <b>scalefactor</b>.</p>
1611
1612<h3><a name=msolve>msolve</a> A p</h3>
1613
1614<h3>msolve_br Ap_in {tolerance 2.3e-16}</h3>
1615
1616<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>Solves a system of linear
1617equations, <b>Ax</b> = <b>p</b>, for <b>x</b>, by brute force application of
1618Gauss elimination with partial pivoting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1619</span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>When <b>p</b> is the
1620identity matrix, the solution <b>x</b>, is the inverse of </span>matrix <b><span
1621style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>A</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1622"MS Mincho"'>.</span>The <b>msolve_br</b> procedure accepts as input the
1623columnwise concatenation of <b>A</b> and <b>p</b>, and overwrites the <b>p</b>
1624columns with the solution columns <b>x</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
1625</span>The <b>msolve</b> procedure accepts <b>A</b> and <b>p</b> as separate
1626arguments, and returns the solution data directly.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1627yes">  </span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The <b>epsilon</b>
1628argument is expected to be the result of the <b>mathprec</b> procedure for your
1629platform.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1630
1631<h3><a name=msub><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>msub</span></a><span
1632style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> a b<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1633
1634<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1635"MS Mincho"'>Uses <b>mat_binary_op</b> to compute a new matrix or vector from
1636the subtraction of corresponding elements in two operands. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1637
1638<h3><a name=msum>msum</a> a</h3>
1639
1640<h3>msum_br name_a sums_out</h3>
1641
1642<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Compute the sums of each column of a matrix or
1643vector, returning a vector or scalar result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1644</span>Call twice to get the total sum of columns and rows (set total [msum
1645[msum $a]]).</p>
1646
1647<h3><a name=msvd>msvd</a> a</h3>
1648
1649<h3>msvd_br name_a_in_U_out S_out V_out {epsilon 2.3e-16}</h3>
1650
1651<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Perform the Singular Value Decomposition of a
1652matrix.</p>
1653
1654<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>This factors matrix A into (U)(S)(Vtrans) where</p>
1655
1656<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1657yes">   </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>A[m,n] is the original
1658matrix</p>
1659
1660<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1661yes">    </span>U[m,n] has orthogonal columns (Ut)(U) =<span
1662style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>(1(k)</p>
1663
1664<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1665yes">       </span>and multiplies to an identity matrix<span
1666style="mso-spacerun: yes">     </span>...</p>
1667
1668<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1669yes">       </span>supplemented with zeroes if needed<span style="mso-spacerun:
1670yes">        </span>0(n-k))</p>
1671
1672<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1673yes">    </span>V[n,n] is orthogonal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  
1674</span>(V)(Vtran) = [mident $n]</p>
1675
1676<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1677yes">       </span>V contains the eigenvectors aka the principal components</p>
1678
1679<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1680yes">    </span>S is diagonal with the positive singular values of A</p>
1681
1682<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1683yes">       </span>Square S and divide by (m-1) to get the principal component</p>
1684
1685<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1686yes">       </span>eigenvalues.</p>
1687
1688<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </span></p>
1689
1690<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1691yes">    </span>A[m,n]V[n,n] = B[m,n]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>transforms
1692A to orthogonal columns, B</p>
1693
1694<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1695yes">    </span>B[m,n] = U[m,n]S[n,n]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span></p>
1696
1697<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1698yes">    </span></p>
1699
1700<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'>The <b>msvd</b> procedure outputs
1701formatted results to the console.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The <b>msvd_br</b>
1702procedure overwrites the input matrix <b>a</b> with the <b>U</b> result
1703matrix.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1704"MS Mincho"'>The <b>epsilon</b> argument is expected to be the result of the <b>mathprec</b>
1705procedure for your platform.</span></p>
1706
1707<h3><a name="mat_unary_op">mat_unary_op</a> a op</h3>
1708
1709<h3>mat_unary_op_br name_a op {name_c_out {}}</h3>
1710
1711<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1712"MS Mincho"'>Perform unary operations on operand elements like scaling.<span
1713style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default output of the </span><b>mat_unary_op_br</b>
1714procedure is to overwrite the input specified by <b>name_a</b>.<span
1715style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The logic sweeps through the matrix or
1716vector, and evaluates the concatenation of $<b>op</b> with the operand
1717element.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>For example, if the value of <b>op</b>
1718is “expr 0.5 *” the result would be to multiply each element by 0.5.<span
1719style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>You can define your own procedures, and pass
1720the procedure name as the <b>op</b> argument.</p>
1721
1722<h3><a name=promote>promote</a> x</h3>
1723
1724<h3>promote_br name_x {name_out {}}</h3>
1725
1726<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1727"MS Mincho"'>Promote a scalar or vector to an array.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1728yes">  </span>Vector[N] is promoted to an Nx1 array.<span style="mso-spacerun:
1729yes">  </span>Calling promote with a matrix argument is all right; the result
1730is the matrix unchanged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default
1731output of <b>promote_br</b> is to overwrite the input.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1732
1733<h3><a name=show><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>show</span></a><span
1734style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> x {format {}} {col_join { }}
1735{row_join \n}} <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1736
1737<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>show_br name_in {name_out
1738{}} {format {}} {col_join { }} {row_join \n}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1739
1740<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1741"MS Mincho"'>Return a formatted string representation for an operand.<span
1742style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Options allow for specify the format of
1743numbers, and the strings used to separate column and row elements.<span
1744style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The optional <b>format</b> argument is a
1745specification string which is applied to convert each element using the Tcl <a
1746href="..\mann\format.html">format</a> command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1747</span>The format command is very is similar to the C code sprintf
1748command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1749
1750<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
1751"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1752
1753<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>set m {2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6}</p>
1754
1755<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show $m %6.2f</p>
1756
1757<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1758yes">  </span>1.00<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>2.00<span
1759style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>3.00</p>
1760
1761<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><span style="mso-spacerun:
1762yes">  </span>4.00<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>5.00<span
1763style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>6.00</p>
1764
1765<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>% show $m {} , \;</p>
1766
1767<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>1,2,3;4,5,6</p>
1768
1769<h3><a name=transpose><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>transpose</span></a><span
1770style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> x<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1771
1772<h3><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>transpose_br name_x
1773{name_out {}}<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
1774
1775<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Performs the matrix transpose, exchanging [i,j] with
1776[j,i].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>A vector is promoted to a 1xN
1777array by transpose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The default output
1778of the <b>transpose_br</b> procedure is to overwrite the input data named by <b>name_x</b>.</p>
1779
1780<h3><a name=vdiag>vdiag</a> m</h3>
1781
1782<h3>vdiag_br m_name_in v_out</h3>
1783
1784<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>Create a vector from the diagonal elements of a
1785matrix.</p>
1786
1787<h3><a name=vtrim>vtrim</a> x</h3>
1788
1789<h3>vtrim_br <span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>name_x {name_out
1790{}}</span></h3>
1791
1792<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent>For a vector or matrix operand, just return the
1793actual data elements by trimming away the dimension and size data in the front
1794of the underlying Tcl list representation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> 
1795</span>The default output of the <b>vtrim_br</b> procedure is to overwrite the
1796input data named by <b>name_x</b>.</p>
1797
1798<h1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>About the <a name=author>Author</a><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
1799
1800<p class=MsoNormal>This package has been developed by Edward C. Hume, III
1801PhD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Dr. Hume has been interested in
1802numerical methods since the early 1980’s when his doctoral research at MIT
1803involved a comparison of Finite Element and Boundary Element methods for moving
1804boundary problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>In recent years he
1805has been applying univariate and multivariate Statistical Process Control
1806techniques in his consulting work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Dr.
1807Hume is the founder of Hume Integration Services, a software product and
1808consulting company, with a focus on Computer Integrated Manufacturing in the
1809Semiconductor and Electronics industries.</p>
1810
1811<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1812
1813<p class=MsoNormal>Hume Integration's flagship product is the <b>Distributed Message
1814Hub (DMH) Application Development Package</b>, a cohesive and synergistic set
1815of tools that extends the Tcl/Tk programming environment. The package includes
1816an in-memory SQL database that has subscription capability, comprehensive
1817support for equipment interfaces using SECS, serial, or network protocols, and
1818high-level facilities for interprocess communication. Applications can easily
1819share data and logic by exchanging Tcl and SQL messages which are efficiently
1820processed by the extended interpreter. This toolset is offered for Windows
18212000/NT and major POSIX platforms including HP-UX, Linux, AIX, and SOLARIS. The
1822toolset is in 7x24 use in dozens of factories located in the United States,
1823Malaysia, Korea, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Mexico, France,
1824and Scotland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Feel free to visit our
1825website at <a href="http://www.hume.com/">http://www.hume.com</a>.</p>
1826
1827<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1828
1829<h1><a name=references><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>References</span></a><span
1830style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
1831
1832<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1833
1834<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The more
1835sophisticated algorithms in this package were adapted from Nash, 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1836
1837<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1838
1839<p class=MsoNormal><u><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Compact
1840Numerical Methods for Computers: Linear Algebra and Function Minimisation</span></u><span
1841style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'> by J. C. Nash, John Wiley &amp;
1842Sons, New York, 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1843
1844<h1><a name=LicenseTerms></a><a name="_License_Terms"></a><span
1845style='mso-bookmark:LicenseTerms'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>License
1846Terms</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
1847
1848<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1849
1850<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>The La
1851package software is being distributed under terms and conditions similar to
1852Tcl/Tk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>The author is providing the
1853package software to the Tcl community as a returned favor for the value of
1854packages received over the years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1855
1856<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1857
1858<p class=MsoNormal>The La package software is copyrighted by Hume Integration
1859Services. The following terms apply to all files associated with the software
1860unless explicitly disclaimed in individual files.</p>
1861
1862<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1863
1864<p class=MsoNormal>The authors hereby grant permission to use, copy, modify,
1865distribute, and license this software and its documentation for any purpose,
1866provided that existing copyright notices are retained in all copies and that
1867this notice is included verbatim in any distributions. No written agreement,
1868license, or royalty fee is required for any of the authorized uses.
1869Modifications to this software may be copyrighted by their authors and need not
1870follow the licensing terms described here, provided that the new terms are
1871clearly indicated on the first page of each file where they apply.</p>
1872
1873<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1874
1875<p class=MsoNormal>IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO
1876ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
1877ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, ITS DOCUMENTATION, OR ANY DERIVATIVES
1878THEREOF, EVEN IF THE AUTHORS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
1879DAMAGE.</p>
1880
1881<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1882
1883<p class=MsoNormal>THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY
1884WARRANTIES,INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
1885MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.<span
1886style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN &quot;AS
1887IS&quot; BASIS, AND THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS HAVE NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE
1888MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.</p>
1889
1890<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
1891
1892<p class=MsoNormal>GOVERNMENT USE: If you are acquiring this software on behalf
1893of the U.S. government, the Government shall have only &quot;Restricted
1894Rights&quot; in the software and related documentation as defined in the
1895Federal Acquisition Regulations (FARs) in Clause 52.227.19 (c) (2).<span
1896style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>If you are acquiring the software on behalf
1897of the Department of Defense, the software shall be classified as
1898&quot;Commercial Computer Software&quot; and the Government shall have only
1899&quot;Restricted Rights&quot; as defined in Clause 252.227-7013 (c) (1) of
1900DFARs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </span>Notwithstanding the foregoing,
1901the authors grant the U.S. Government and others acting in its behalf
1902permission to use and distribute the software in accordance with the terms
1903specified in this license.</p>
1904
1905<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1906
1907<h1><a name=DocVersion><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Document
1908Version</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
1909
1910<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho"'>Date of
1911last revsion $Date: 2001/07/12 23:59:51 $.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1912
1913</div>
1914
1915</body>
1916
1917</html>
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